LSD Exam 3

feeling or affect when a person is in a state or interaction that Is important to their well-being, important to communicate and behavioral organize (social/ interaction)
 influenced by both biological foundations and by an individual's experiences.

o Babies gradual control on emotions is from

how, when, why emotions should be expressed and are not universal

o 6 months old have and more emotions

develop after 6 month that are self contous

cry rhythmic pattern, short break, higher pitch whistle, break

cry when more air through vocal cords

cry when long, loud cry, hold breath

smile usually first month

smile from outside stimuli early as 2 mon

scared lose parents so cry, peak 15 mon in US

read others emotions to determine how to act usually parents

indiv diff in behavior style, emotions, way of responding

speed and intensity to emotions

control over own emotions

classified childrens temperments as easy, difficult, or slow to warm

temperment usually positive mood, routine, adapt to situatiosn well

temperment negative mood and cries a lot, irreglaur routine, bad to new situations

temperment low activity, somewhat neg, low intensity mood

developed concept of behavioral inhibition
• Inhibition to unfamiliar categories for invert and exvert child
• Believed temperament has both physiological and experiential bases

are shyness with strangers and more likely to develop socal anxiety

childs temperament and environmental demands child must cope with

The enduring personal characteristics of the individual

emotions and temperment are key aspect to

when do babies develop a sense of self and dependance

=-----in infants is thought to involve a sense of self, trust, self-recognition, and independence.

close emotional bond between two people

erikson says  ----- is an important issue in the second year of life. Successful "passage" through this stage of development results in autonomy

Bowblys attachment phases

simple mental model of caregiver
• influences the child's subsequent responses to other people.

Ainsworth: observation measure of infants attachment which experience introduction, separation, and reunion with caregiver and stranger

attachment with caregiver explore room, mild protest when cg leaves, acknowledging when they come back, continue play
• Caregivers are sensitive and available.

attachment: avoid caregiver, not upset when leave or ackwolegde when vome back, in contact leans away

attachment: cling to caregiver and kick/push away, don’t explore room, loud cry, push away when return
• inconsistent availability and lack of affection

disorganized and disoriented: appear confused and fearful
• neglect and physical abuse

constellation of subsystems that have direct and indirect affects on eachother
 subsystems of generation, gender, and role

bidirectional socialization between parent and kids one example is scaffolding (take turns with kid)

view, development is influenced by the ongoing, bidirectional interchange between genes and the environment

Which of the following are cognitive strategies that children might use to control their emotions

is essential for the development of a variety of emotions and emotional experiences

The maturation of the frontal regions of the cerebral cortex allows infants to begin to regulate their

Children who can distract themselves from a stressful encounter show a lower level of negative affect in the context and less anxiety over time. This an example of the influence of which of the following on emotion?

temperament is associated with a high and stable heart rate, high level of cortisol, and high activity in the right frontal lobe of the brain.

According to twin studies, heredity has a ______ influence on differences in temperament within a group of people.

Between 18 and 24 months of age, children markedly increase their ______ play.

According to a 2006 study of discipline and corrective methods, one-third of parents had ______ before the time the child was 12 months old

eriksons figure out self and identify with parents

representation of self, substance, and self conceptions
 Before 4 they describe selves with physical features around 4 use emotions and psychological traits
 Around 4 begin to describe others with psy traits as well and know people lie

emotions they must be aware they are different than other people, around 18 month

o Regulating emotions is key to kids ability to control

use negative emotions as an opportunity to teach

development of thoughts, feelings, behaviors, regarding roles and conventions ab what ppl should do when interacting w/ others

involves responding to another person's feelings with an emotion that echoes the other's feelings.

figure out what other ppl feel and how you can better it

o Moral reasoning stages
Beofore 7 children do not consider --- and think should be ---- immediatly after a wrongdoing
 4-7 ---- – think rules are concrete, unchangeable
 10 + ----- know rules are made by people

more likely to do actions rewarded for that align with rules

inner sense of being boy, girl, none

how ppl should act… set by culture

theory by Eagly: Society made women less powerful by the gender norms

theory from Frued: Attracted to same sex parent
 Social Cognitive theory: observation and imitation of others and being rewarded for gender appropriate things, parents and peers

theory, cognitive theory: schemas ab what is gender appropriate schemas are in our minds

• ===- restrictive, punitive, controlling and allows little verbal exchange
o Kids are unhappy, leaders, bullies
• ---- encourage to be independent but have limits and control
o Kids are happy, good with stress, social
• ----- uninvolved in kids life
o Immature, low self esyeem
• ---- highly involved but little demand or control
o Domineering, egocentric, noncompliant

types of child maltreatment
 ---- inflict physical injury 11%
 ---- fail to provide basic needs (physical, edu, emotional) 61%
• Most common
 ---- fondling of a child's genitals, intercourse, incest, rape, sodomy, exhibitionism, and commercial exploitation through prostitution or production of pornographic materials. 7%
 ---- could cause serious behavioral, cognitive, or emotional problems

o Important aspects of sibling relationship
 ---- strong + and – emotions towards each other
 ---- support or tease bc know well
 ---- some are closer (difference)

ab same age and maturity lvl
 Provide source of information and comparison to outside family

pleasurable activity engaged for own sake

types of play
 ---- imagination
• 3-9 mon
• infants to derive pleasure from exercising their sensorimotor schemas.
 ---- repeated behavior when new skills are learned
• Preschool
 ------ transform physical env into symbol
• 9-30 mon
 ---- interacting with peers
• Preschool
 ---- combine sensorimotor with symbolic rep, create own product or solution
• preschool
 ---- have rules
• 10-12

parenting has been associated with child competence in research across a wide range of ethnic groups, social strata, cultures, and family structures

Recent research indicates that the ______ of parents' work has more influence on the children's development rather than the fact that one parent works outside the home.

Which of the following theories states that children appraise marital conflict in terms of their sense of security and safety in the family?

ages describe selves in psychological rather than physical, use groups “im a girlscout”, social comparison

perspectives of others and understanding thoughts and feelings of others

when do ppl become more skeptical of what others say

- global evaluations of the self (self worth or image)
 Not always match reality

domain specific evals of self

believe can master or produce positive outcomes

capacity increases: deliberate efforts to manage ones behavior, emotions, and thoughts that lead to increased competence and achievement

interest and how things are made
 Letting children make, build and so on rather than saying it is messy

Kolbergus theory on moral development
 -----: good and bad in terms of external reward and punishment up to 9
• Individuals' moral reasoning is controlled primarily by external rewards and punishment.
 ----: develop expectations ab social roles, last lvl for some
• Individuals abide by the standards of others such as parents or society.
 ----: flexible thinking that’s more internalized, few at early adulthood
• Individuals recognize alternative moral courses, explore the options, and then decide on a personal moral code.
• Social stimulation is key

theory of moral development: different domains of social knowledge and reasoning, form from attempts at social experiences
 children's and adolescents' moral, social conventional, and personality knowledge and reasoning emerge from their attempts to understand and deal with different forms of social experience.

rules from social concenus to control behavior and maintain social system ex. Raising hand in class
• Unlike moral reasoning

harm someone by manipulating a relationship
o Ten-year-old Alexis and her friend Chloe have been spreading untrue rumors around school about their classmate Ginger because they were offended when Ginger declined to join their group.

o----- how likely to be liked by peers
 ==---: frequently best friend
• Good social skills, gives out reinforcements, listens, and maintains lines of communication with others.
 ----: equally liked and disliked
 ----: not usually bf but not disliked
• shy and has low interaction
 ----: not bf and disliked
 ----: frequently bf and disliked

thoughts ab social matters

approach: learner centered and emphasizes individual constructing their knowledge and understanding
 collaboratively in groups to discover knowledge, reflect, and think critically about different topics

approach- structed and teacher centered
o Effective teachers use both
o No child left behind- state standard school requirements and tests

• There is considerable ---- between the sexes even when differences are reported.

Social conventional reasoning asserts that conventional rules are ---- and can be changed by consensus.

--- reasoning asserts that rules are obligatory, widely accepted, and somewhat impersonal.

are three areas of socioemotional development in which gender similarities and differences have been studied.

In middle and late childhood, the development of which of the following provides children with information about their peers and peer relationships?

In a diverse fourth-grade classroom, children are divided into collaborative learning groups in which each group has to construct a different part of a project to reach a common goal. This is an example of a ---- classroom

self portrait composed of many pieces and domains
o Career and workpath, political identiy, religious, relationship, intellectual, sexual, culture, interest, personality, physical

eriksons stages
12-18 mon
18 mon-3yr
3-5 yr
5-12 yr
12-18 yr
18-40 yr

o Marcia: four statuses (ways to solve) identity in adolescense
 ---- have not experienced exploration or made commitments
 ----- made commitment but haven’t explored
• Given fam business
 ----- middle of exploring and commitment are absent or vague
• presence of a crisis but not of a commitment
 --- done exploring and committed
o Most likely in emerging adulthood
• Commitment- personal investment in identity

 Common is MAMA:
• have achieved an identity go through additional crises and subsequent identity achievement

o Dual cycle identity model
 --- cycle that relies on exploration in breath and identification of commitment
 ---- cycle explores exploration in depth and reconsideration of commitments

approach- ask ppl to tell stories from life and ask how meaningful and integrated (stories we live by)

 Identify in some ways with their ethnic group and in some ways with the majority culture

supervising adolescence choice of social settings, activites, friends, and academic efforts.

o Parents Balancing act competing needs for --- -- --
 Let them decide in areas they know about and guide them in areas they don’t

small group (2-12) usually 5-6 members usually at same age and sex
 friends

larger than cliques and less personal based off how known
 Jocks

AGES
Entering romantic attraction and affiliation
 Exploring relationships
 Consolidating dyadic bonds
 Exceptions are early and late bloomers

is a ceremony or ritual that marks an individual's transition from one status to another; many focus on the transition to adult status.

 According to a recent research review, the most effective treatment for adolescent depression was a combination of -- therapy and -- therapy

top killers for adolescence

are more likely to attempt
are more likely to suceed

 Probs that affect most adolescence are 4

• Ab --% have all four
• As many as -- percent of all U.S. adolescents engage in two to three of the four major adolescent problem behaviors (drug abuse, juvenile delinquency, sexual problems, and school-related problems).

 Common components prevention programs
• --- --- --- child is assigned one adultwho focuses only on them
• --- --- --- -- approach- number of programs and service
•-- -- -- --- enriched preschool

The most frequent way that adolescents connect with friends is

• In which of the following regions would a female adolescent have at least equal access to educational opportunities as a male adolescent

As many as _____ percent of U.S. adolescents have sexual and school-related problems and also engage in drug abuse and juvenile delinquency