LSD Exam 1

- pattern of movement or change at the beginning of conception through human life span

Importance of learning lifespan dev

traditional study focus on

lifespan approach study what part of life

life ---does not changed but life -- is increasing

factors that increased life expecantcy

how much has life expectancy increased in the 20th centruy

what is the life expectancy of someone born in 2017

• Paul Baltes says development factors include

the demsions of development include

throughout life dimensions can expand or shrink

when one demention of development changes the others

- capacity for change, this decreases with age

types of developmental changes that are context

type of context change that •
Similar for individuals in a similar age group
• Include biological process like puberty, and menopause
• Include sociocultural and environmental such as beginning education and retirement

type of context change that • Similar for individuals in a generation bc historic events
o Boomers share missile crisis, the beetles, JFK assas

type of context change that • Unusual occurrence that has major impact on individ life
o Influence ppl differently
o Like death of parent, teen prego

type of context depends on health, parenting and education

sociocultural development context depend on things like

o Behavior, pattern, beleief others by similar ppl passed from generation to generation
o Result of interaction over many years
o can be different sizes

o Compare spects of 2 or more cultures

- cultural heritage, nationality, race, religion, and language

position in society based on education, job, and economic characteristic. Highlights inequalities

gov promote welfare of citizens. Values, ecomonics, and politics impact these

• Children can be resilient and overcome poverty because of

processes refer to the changes in an individual's physical nature

periods of development and the age

processes- change in thinking, intelligent, language

processes- change in relationships with other ppl, emotion regulation, and personality

age based on - years since conception

age based on health
 Depend on capacity of vital organs

age based on adaptive capacities

age based on connectedness of others

--- aging is typically greater than avg decline w/ age

theories are about interatcions w/ surroundings

study animals in natural habitat

eniromental factors

psychologist who use best of all theories

• Sharon is becoming more self-sufficient and can follow instructions. She is even learning to identify letters. She is in the ______ period of development

• Which of the following are examples of biological processes that affect development?

• An older adult with which of the following personality traits is most likely to be psychologically young?

• Psychoanalytic theories of development place heavy emphasis on the role of

• Which of the following statements are consistent with the basic premises of Erikson's psychosocial theory?

• As compared to Freud, today's psychoanalytic theorists place more emphasis on ______ as determinants of an individual's development

• According to Erikson at what stage do children encounter a wider social world and face new challenges that require active, purposeful behavior?

o A multistage theory in which a developmental task in each stage confronts individuals with a crisis that must be resolved.

• What two processes underlie Piaget's theory of cognitive development?

• According to ______, eight stages of development unfold as an individual goes through life, and a unique developmental task confronts the individual at each stage.

• Each of Piaget's age-related stages consists of

• Which theoretical approach believes that individuals develop a gradually increasing capacity for sensing, storing, and remembering information that allows them to acquire increasingly complex knowledge and skills?

maintained that development
o is inseparable from social and cultural influences.

theory states that behavior is tied to evolution, is strongly affected by biological influence, and is characterized by critical or sensitive periods.

• According to ______, the presence or absence of certain experiences is especially important during specific time frames called critical periods

• Two-year-old Stacey and her mom, Patricia, have gone to the university to participate in a study. While they play together with some puppets, a researcher watches them from behind a one-way mirror. The researcher is utilizing

• What happens if two events are strongly correlated

• When conducting life-span development research, researchers must be cautious of-----effects, such as a person's time of birth, era, or generation, because they can powerfully affect the dependent measures in research concerned with age.

• When deciding whether to do a cross-sectional research study or a longitudinal study, what is one of the most important factors the researcher must take into account?

• People who were teenagers during World War II are bound to differ from people who were teenagers in the 1990s. This fact could produce ______ effects in a research study

emphasizes adaptation, reproduction and survival of the fittest in shaping behavior

o Chromosomes are made of -- which contains --

humans have -- chromosomes and over -- genes

o Cells nucleus (including chromos) duplicates and the cell divides and has the same dna

o Gametes- Forms egg and sperm
o Man and women cells duplicate and then divide twice, making four cells, ½ of parents genetic makeup
o Each cell has 23 unpaired chromosomes

egg and sperm join to create a single cell is zygote
 In the male the 23rd chromosome is x and y

observable characteristics (height) and psychological characteristics (intellegaence

o Extra copy of chromosome 21
o Round face, flat skull, skin flaps over eyes, thick tongue, short limbs, delayed motor and mental abilities

o Instead of XY or XX have an extra
o Klinefelter- male XXY
 Under developed testes, large breast, tall
 1/1000 males, only 10% diagnosed before puberty

 X chromosome breaks
 More often in male
 Intellectual issues
 here is an abnormality on the X chromosome, which becomes constricted and often breaks.

 In female one X is missing, XO
 Short, webbed neck, infertility, bad at math
 1/2500 female

 Male have ectra Y
 Have external and internalizing issues
 Used to be believed more violent

genetically link  Cannot metabolize phenylalanine (amino acid in many foods)
 1/10-20k
 If untreated (wrong diet) can build up and give illelectual dis and hyperactive

hereditary and environment on individual differences in traits and development

o Behavioral Genetics usually study what

environment correlation complicates studies because genes may impact individuals env

because of who you are (genes) seek certain experiences

occurs in active genetics : can be successful bc good at it

others response cause you to act differently
• Env strengthens genes

inherent env if live with biological parents
• Child doesn’t seek it but it enacts genes
• Athletic parents: play bball every week
• From genetic and env

 Development is the result of an ongoing, bidirectional interchange between hereditary and env

 Have a gene that elevates risk of depression ONLY if live a stressful life

when is prenatal development

o Pregnancy stages are

in the germinal period --- provides nutrition and support for embryo

mass of cells

inner layer develops respitory and digestibe system: internal

outer layer develops nervous system, sensory receptors, skin: around internal

circulatory stsyem, bones, muscles, excretory system, reproductive system: surface

dev of organs in 2 months

bag w/ clear fluids that embryo floats in

temp, humidity control, and shockproof

two arteries and one vein connecting baby to plecenta

disk shaped tissue with blood vessels of the mother and baby intertwined
• Small molecules can pass between them

 When born the brain has --- neurons

 Type of prenatl test depend on

: high frequency sound waves into abdomen which creates photo: 7 wks or more

prenatal testing • Genetic defects or chromosome abnormality
• Tiny tissue sample from plecenta
10-12 wk

prenatal testing • Amniotic fluid is taken to test for chromosome or metabolistic disorders 15-18 wk

prenatal test  Maternal blood screening and cell-free dna test for

prenatal test Magnet that shows organs

prenatal test immediately after birth

cant conceive after 12 months of trying: 10-15% us couples

agent that can cause birth defect or negative cog or behave outcomes

o Durgs, incompatible blood, env poll, disease, malnutrition, maternal stress, mom and dad age are exmaples of

Act on nervous system and alter mood, perceptions, consciousness

maternal disease – german measles

maternal diseaseaffect more after 4 months

maternal disease 1/3 can die

are pain relievers during birth

blocks pain to certain parts

test after birth for heart rate, respitory effort, muscle tone, body color, and reflex rated 0,1,2
• Score 7-10 healthy baby, 3 may not survive

 Low birth weight is less than

very low birth weight

extremely low birth weight

 Preterm born -- wks before full term

- birth weight below normal with length of pregnancy considered
• Weigh less than 90% of those babies, 400% risk of death

birth to 6 wks or until womens body returns

o Which psychological approach emphasizes the importance of adaption, reproduction, and survival of the fittest in shaping behaviors?

o Which field seeks to discover the influence of environment and heredity on individual differences in human development

o Phenylketonuria is best treated by a

is that complex behaviors are influenced by genes in ways that give people a propensity for a particular developmental trajectory as well as by complex environments

o Interpreting the results of adoption and twin studies is difficult because of the complexities of

o Once the blastocyst attaches to the uterine wall, the mass of cells become known as a(n)

o During the germinal period, the zygote is undergoing rapid

o try to figure out what is responsible for the differences among people: genes, environment, or a combination of these.

o The outer layer of cells that will eventually provide nutrition and support for the embryo is called the

o The basic architecture of the human brain is assembled during the

should be consumed during pregnancy

o Which of the following is true regarding maternal exposure to environmental smoke?

o Exposure to cocaine during prenatal development is associated with

Which of the following outcomes are associated with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders?

o Recent studies found that prenatal marijuana exposure was related to lower birth weight and ______ in children.

Which of the following are possible consequences of maternal cigarette smoking on a developing fetus?

o Which of the following substances was most likely used by a mother whose newborn exhibits withdrawal symptoms like tremors, irritability, abnormal crying, disturbed sleep, and impaired motor control?

contributes to childhood chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

o AIDS is a disease that damages the body's ______ system.

o Hiv may be infected at birth but not develop symptoms until

In general, prenatal care involves which of the following?

o Babies born to HIV-infected mothers can be

Prenatal care often includes which of the following components?

o A trained health practitioner who helps women during labor, delivery, and afterbirth is best referred to as a

provides continuous support for a the mother before, during, and after childbirth.

o Barbiturates, tranquilizers, and narcotics are examples of ______ used to relieve pain during labor.

o In the third stage of birth, the placenta, umbilical cord, and other membranes are expelled from the uterus. This stage of birth is called the

o A caregiver who provides continuous physical, emotional, and educational support for the mother before, during, and after childbirth is known as a

o Which of the following is a childbirth strategy similar to natural childbirth that includes a special breathing technique to control pushing in the final stages of labor?

Which of the following are common reasons a cesarean delivery might be performed?

Apgar Scale is good at assessing the newborn's ability to

o The building blocks of cells are ________, which are manufactured at the direction of genes.

o Human reproductive cells are called

o the generation of new neurons, is a process that continues through the prenatal period but is largely complete by the end of the fifth month after conception.

o Chorionic villus sampling can be used ________ amniocentesis.

o Doctors have been able to detect the sex of a fetus in as early as

o Research shows that exercise during pregnancy decreases the risk for

o Following delivery, the mother's estrogen and progesterone levels

o About ________ of new mothers in the United States have the postpartum blues, characterized by mild depression, anxiety, and distress, and generally peaking about 3 to 5 days after birth and subsiding within 1 to 2 weeks.

earliest growth occurs at top (head)

- growth starts at the center of body and works way out

 Growth is episodic and not

- brain swell and hemoridge

ways study infants brains

- special function in one hemisphere of the brain

- nerve cell that does processing

- infants get motor skills from perceiving and acting
 Motivated to do something so they act
 Gene and env

built in reaction to stimuli that govern newborns actions
 Some last for life others disappear

large-muscle activities like move arm
 Locomotion and postural control for walking

info reacts with sensory receptors

interpretation of sense

decrease response after several exposure

- info from 2 or more sensory modalities

- brain created ways to organize knowledge

use existing schemes to deal with new info or experience

adjust scemes, adjust

- retnention of info over time

memory- w/o conscious recollection like skills

memory- consous memory of fact or experience
• 6 mon remember 24 hr prior
• 20 mon remember 12 mon prior

- don’t remember when 2 or 3
o Prefrontal lobe is immature

- grouping of similar things, peak around 2

----catagorization- similar features
o Birds and airplanes have wings
• 7-9 mon ---- cat
o Bird is animal and plane is vehicle

- form of communication based on a system of symbols

- short precise words w/o grammar

• Which of the following studies infants’ brain activity related to face processing, perception, attention, and memory by using near-infrared light to monitor changes in blood oxygen?

• Reading and performing music are generally believed to involve ______ of the brain.

• Which of the following is LEAST likely to be used to measure an infant's brain activity?

• According to the World Health Organization (WHO), infants 0 to 3 months of age should get ---- to --- hours of good-quality sleep daily.

• Sleep totals for newborns are variable and can range from --to -- hours per day. avergage of

• The expansion of dendritic connections results in which of the following in infant development?

• Which of the following have been linked to infant sleep problems?

• Some studies have shown that there are Blank______ psychological differences between breast-fed and bottle-fed infants.

• The purpose of the rooting reflex is to direct the infant to turn its head toward something to

• The current view of perceptual-motor coupling in infants is the

• What ability must an infant have as a foundation for gross motor skill development?

Carson has learned that it is good to eat the peel of an apple but not good to eat the peel of a kiwi fruit. what is this an example of

• Which of the following best describes the interpretation of the air waves that contact the ears as a musical sound?

• Newly crawling infants will do what with the navigation of a steep slope?

• Grasping, strategies for problem solving, driving a car, and balancing a budget are all examples of ______, according to Piaget.

• The main theme of the ecological approach of Eleanor and James J. Gibson is that ______ and action are coupled.

• Piaget believed that children ______ their own cognitive worlds.

• Piagets theory --- is the grouping of isolated behaviors and thoughts into a higher-order system.

• At the beginning of the sensorimotor stage, ______ have little more than reflexes with which to work.

• Researchers who have evaluated Piaget's stages have suggested that his theory of sensorimotor development needs to be

• The first of Piaget's stages, during which infants construct an understanding of the world by coordinating sensory experiences with physical, motoric actions, is known as the ______ stage.

• Many researchers believe that Piaget was ______ about how infants learn about their world.

• The field of ----- ---- neuroscience explores connections between the brain, cognition, and development.

When caregivers and infants frequently engage in joint attention, how is language development impacted?

• Current research in infant cognition tends to be more ______ than Piaget's theory.

Joint attentnion is linked to

Which of the following are components of language?

• Baby Amir has demonstrated that he can put all the red blocks in one pile and all the blue blocks in a different pile. What area of categorization has Amir demonstrated?

• What must infants have in order to make generalizations about objects?

• As infants extract an increasing number of potential word forms from the speech stream they hear, they begin to associate these with concrete, perceptually available objects in their world. This is referred to as

Which of the following are effective ways for parents to encourage language development in children?

Which of the following are effective ways that parents can foster their children's language development?

• A child says, "Me sleepy." The parent responds, "Yes, you are sleepy, so it's time to take a nap." This is an example of which language acquisition strategy?

• n terms of encouraging a child's language development, which of the following would be the most effective method for parents to employ?

• A child says, "I like play with Sophie." Her teacher asks, "What do you like to play with Sophie?" This is an example of

o Eating behaviors in children are best when caregivers have set time, choose nutritious food, and make mealtime pleasant. Try not to have distractions

o BMI percentiles
 ---th obese
 -- overweight
 -- at risk

to prevent childhood obseity --fruit/veggie, -- hr screen time, -- hr physical activity, -- sugary drinks regular

children of low income usually don’t get enough iron, vitamins or proteins, WIC was implimented

leading cause of US child death ----, other countries are --- things such as better sanitation

 Kids rep world with word, images and drawings, form concepts and reason
 Mentally see what can do before doing them
in the --- stage

substage of the preopperational ----- -----: 2-4 yr, ability to mentally represent object not present
o Limitations are egocentrism and anism

- cant tell diff between own and someone else perspective
• Studied using 3 mnt task

- inanimate objects have lifelike qualities and can do actions

Second part of the preoperational stage
4-7 yr use premative reasoning and ask questions
o Intuitive because so sure ab what they know but not how they know it

Change in appearance Doesn’t change basic properties
 Cant reverse actions

- center attention on one characteristic and exclude others

 - range of tasks too difficult for a child to manage alone but can do with assistance

Zone of proximal development Lower limit is activities done

Zone of proximal development upper limit is activities done

- use language to plan, guide, and monitor own behavior

 Criticism about Vygoskys theory-

focus on mental resources for select info, imporoves significantly during preschool

planning actions, allocatingattention to goals, detecting, compensating for erros, monitor progress, and deal with circumstances

: focus and extended engagement

type of memory ab 30 secs if not rehearsed
o 2-3 yr olds remember 2 digits and 7 yr old remember 5

type of memory become more accurate
o Court issues
 Believe suggestions sometimes so technique is important

- memory of significant events or experiences in ones life

- umbrella term linked to cog processes linked to the dev of prefrontal cortex

• Manage own thoughts to have goal directed behavior and self control
• Early childhood involves developing cog inhibitions, cog flexibility, goal setting, delay of gradification

: trying to figure out how others minds work
• thoughts about how one's own mental processes work and the mental processes of others

meaning or words or phrases

sound system of a language (how sound used and combined)

- units of meaning (plural and possessive, the)

- way words are combines to say acceptable words or phrases

---- connect word and item with small exposure
 Used to explain how learn so much so fast
 Learn a word better if hear multiple days instead of a lot one day

--- right use of language in diff context
 When talking to kid use shorter sentences

type of early edu
 Educate whole child and promote their physical, cog, socioemotional dev
 About learning and not what is learned
 Rules follow
• Each child has unique dev pattern
• Learn best through 1st hand experiences
• Playing Is vital

type of early edu
• Kids given freedom and spontinuity in choosing activies
• Shows how and helps when ask
• Criticized for lack of teach involvement

early edu--- consider the regular patter and the childs uniqueness

• In 2015–2016, the obesity rate among U.S. preschoolers was almost

• Physicians now see children as young as ______ of age with type 2 diabetes and hypertension.

• Which of the following has been linked to young children's overweight/obesity status?

• The theories of Piaget, Vygotsky, and information processing are major theories of ______ development in early childhood.

• WIC program At-risk infant WIC participants had higher scores on the

• Rank the main causes of death among young children, from the highest incidence to the lowest incidence.

a• ccording to Piaget's preoperational stage, a child does not yet perform _____, which are defined as reversible mental actions.

• What is one of the hallmark aspects of the intuitive thought substage in Piaget's preoperational stage?

Around the age of 5, children will do which of the following?

• Children often vary in their performance on different

• Vygotsky's theory stressed the importance of sociocultural influences on children's development, which fits the belief that it is important to evaluate contextual

The effectiveness of the zone of proximal development is increased by which of the following?

• Piaget believed that private speech is

• As Trevor learns about long division, his mother first needs to help him a lot. She gradually decreases the level of support as Trevor's ability in this area grows. This is an example of

the following apply whose theory in the classoom
using assessments to provide information on a child's zone of proximal development
using peer teaching and encouraging children to practice their skills
presenting material to children in a real-world context that connects to their everyday lives
focusing lessons on the upper limit of a child's zone of proximal development to teach advanced cognitive skills

- What do critics of Vygotsky's theory think of his view of collaboration and guidance?

According to Vygotsky, which of these statements concerning the development of internal and external speech are true?

• The child's ability to pay attention improves ______ during the preschool years.

• ---- planning actions, dealing with new situations, monitoring progress, and compensating for errors

Which of the following are criticisms of Vygotsky's theory?

Which of the following have been used to improve children's attention?

• One eye-contact exercise involves a teacher sitting in the middle of a circle of preschoolers and having each child catch the teacher's eye before being permitted to leave the group. This is an example of improving

• Research using the memory-span task suggests that ______-term memory increases during early childhood.

Increases in which of the following are reasons that memory span changes with age?

Why does memory span change as children age?

According to research, which of the following have been positively associated with the development of executive function in children?

• At around approximately ______ years of age, children develop a deepening appreciation of the mind itself rather than just an understanding of mental states.

Which of the following are individual differences that affect theory of mind development in children?

• In the English language, the letters "thr" may be combined as in the word "throat." However, the letters may not be combined in the order "rht." This is an example of

• When thinking about thinking, a 3- to 5-year-old will often fail to recognize that people's behavior may not reflect

Which of the following are factors that influence children's theory of mind development?

• Young children learn early to place a wh- word at the beginning of a sentence when properly asking a question. This shows advances in

• Rebecca, a six-year-old girl, is very good at carrying on conversations with people. Her two-year-old brother Jack is not very good at carrying on conversations. This is primarily due to an increased understanding of

• Researchers suggest that instruction to enhance U.S. children's ability to read and write should be built on skills that the

• Child-centered kindergartens focus on educating the whole child by focusing on his or her

• A young child who says, "Where Daddy is going?" or "What that girl is doing?" has yet to fully understand which of the following?

What statements best describe the advances in pragmatics in early childhood?

• Some experts believe that early childhood education programs should focus on both cognitive development and ______ development in order to meet all of a child's needs.

• Which of the following represents the shallowest level of processing?

• Marguerite is taking a course in Latin. She says that she is doing her homework for the course, but she is having a hard time trying to remember all of the vocabulary words for the tests. She has been creating flashcards and routinely practicing them. Which of the following best describes the level-of-processing with which Marguerite is analyzing her Latin vocabulary?

• From 3 to 6 years of age, the most rapid growth in the brain takes place in the

• Which of the following fosters healthy eating behaviors in young children?

• Children are most likely to experience negative health outcomes if they live in an area with

• he inability to distinguish between one's own perspective and someone else's perspective is known as

• Mrs. Lopez is assisting Julio in constructing a bridge out of drinking straws. After she shows him how to make a triangle using straws, Julio is able to continue connecting shapes on his own to finish the bridge. This is an example of

• From 18 months to 3 years of age, children begin to understand all of the following mental states, EXCEPT

• which of the following are advancements in pragmatics that characterize young children's language development?

• When learning vocabulary, children will learn words best in contexts that are

• One current curriculum controversy in early childhood education involves a child-centered, ---- versus an academic, ---- approach.

 About --- of 3-21 yr old US get special edu