1System of beliefs about what is right behavior and wrong behavior
Morality
2Morality is the effort to guide one's conduct by reason (who)
Dr. James Rachels
3Is the philosophy of life and that it delves into the deepest why's and wherefore of human existence, men's actions, problems and destiny (and who mentioned this)
Ethics (Montemayor in his book on Ethics 1994)
4What is the relevance of studying ethics in your chosen profession?
It is because ethics give a sense of justification in one's judgement, and helps ensure that decisions at work are not made based on purely "subjective" factors
5Who proclaimed ethics as a supreme science, the highest in the heirarchy of human values, as it is ethics that is concerned with the attainment of life's greatest good and goal? (who mentioned this?)
Plato (Montemayor 1994)
6What is life's greatest good and goal?
Happiness
7Ethics is the practical science of human thoughts (True or False)
False:
8Ethics is the science of human acts with reference to what is right or wrong (True or False)
True
9Ethics is the scientific inquiry into the principles of justice (True or False)
False:
10Ethics is the study of rectitude of human conduct (True or False)
True
11Ethics is the human conduct from the standpoint of morality (True or False)
True
12Ethics is the science which lays down the principles of right living (True or False)
True
13Ethics is the practical science that controls us in our actions that we may live rightly and well (True or False)
False:
14Ethics is a _________ and practical science, based on reason, which studies human conduct and provides norm for it's natural integrity and honesty
Normative
15According to him, ethics is the investigation of life
Socrates
16Systematic study or a system of scientific conclusions clearly demonstrated, derived from clearly established principles and duly coordinated
Science
17The quality of human acts as right, wrong, or indifferent, moral or immoral
Morality
18Acts done with knowledge, freedom and free will or consent
Human Acts
19Acts done without knowledge, or something that occurs naturally in human beings
Acts of Man
20What is the primary objective of education?
Moral development of the will
21A statement that tells you what is or what is not allowed in a particular situation
Rule
22Rules and it's importance to social beings
1. Protect social being by regulating behavior 2. help guarantee each person certain right and freedom 3. produce a sense of justice among social beings 4. Essential for a healthy economic system
23Code of what is right or wrong without reference to specific behavior or belief (Who said this?)
Moral Standard (O'Connor Lynn, 1997)
24Moral Standards and their characteristics (Velazquez 2012)
1. Involved behaviors that seriously affect other people's well-being. 2.Take a more important consideration than others standards including self-interest 3.Do not depend on any external authority but in how the person perceives the reasonableness of the action 4.Believed to be universal 5.Based on objectivity 6.Associated with vocabulary that depicts emotion or feelings
25Refer to standards by we judge what is good or bad and right or wrong in a non-moral way
Non-moral standards
26What are the 7 rules of life?
1. Let it go 2.Ignore them 3.Give it Time 4.Don't Compare 5.Stay Calm 6.It's on you 7.Smile
27Clear, simple statement of how an organization plans to handle it's services, actions, or business. Rules to help in decision making
Policy
28A rule created and enforced by the government and its agencies to maintain order, resolve disputes, and protect a person's liberty and rights
Law
29Set of rules on how an individual should responsibly behave in the society
Etiquette
30Rule that is to be strictly observed because it was said to be set by a divine entity
Commandment
314 Types of Rules
1.Etiquette 2.Policy 3.Law 4.Commandment
32A situation which a difficult choice has to be made between two or more alternatives especially undesirable ones
Dilemma
33There is only one action you can do (Moral Dilemma or not)
Not
34There is moral reasons for doing such actions (Moral dilemma or not)
Moral Dilemma
35You can do every possible action presented to you (Moral Dilemma or not)
Not
36What are the Three Levels of Moral Dilemma?
1.Personal Dilemma 2.Organizational Dilemma 3.Structural Dilemma
37Dilemma that is experienced and resolved on the personal level. Most dilemma fall down to this level
Personal dilemma
38Refer to ethical cases encountered and resolved by a social organization
Organizational dilemma
39Refer to cases involving network of institutions and operative theoretical paradigms
Structural dillemas
40Who said that we are "rational animals?"
Aristotle
41Your thought or behavior guided by, and displays high moral standards
Virtue
42"A human person is a being" (Who said this?)
Aristotle
43"it is a gift given to us by god" (Pertaining to freedom, who said this?"
Gabriel Marcel
44"The human person as a moral agent must exercise practical rationality in order to determine how to pursue his or her ultimate end" (Who said this?)
Aristotle
45What is "telos"?
Ultimate end
46"The human person is absolutely free" and "You are free" (Who said this?)
Jean Paul Sartre
47Who advocated that a person can and should choose to act, but his or her actions should be that which would result in harmony?
Lao Tzu
48"Culture has the power individuals to create beliefs such as believe in God" (Who said this?"
Emile Durkheim
49A complex phenomenon. It contains nearly all aspects of shared human experiences
Culture
50According to him "Culture served to justify inequality because the ruling class determines what is right and wrong while the rest merely follow"
Marx
51What are the 5 Elements of Culture?
Symbols, Language, Beliefs, Values and Norm
52Can be anything that a group of people find meaningful
Symbols
53Is a complex system that enabled human beings to communicate either verbally or through writing
Language
54Are assumptions or convictions held to be true by an individual or a group of people. These assumptions or convictions could be events, people or things
Beliefs
55Are culturally acceptable standards of behavior. It is what a person considers important or beneficial in life
Values
56An informal guideline by a particular group of people or social unit about what is considered normal, incorrect or correct social behavior
Norm
57"A child's cultural surrounding should express the image of a noble character" (who said this?)
Plato
58What is the most famous and dominant form of moral relativism?
Cultural Relativism
59Fundamentally believes that no act is good or bad objectively
Moral Relativism
60According to him, civilization is not something absolute, but is relative and our ideas and conceptions are true only so far as our civilization goes
Franz Boaz
61He said that, cultural relativism explains why one behavior or practice is completely acceptable by a particular group of people while it is taboo in another. "It refers to the idea that values, knowledge and behavior or people must be understood between within it's cultural context and not by standards of other culture"
Allan Locke
62Different societies have the same moral codes (Five Claims of Cultural Relativists) True or False?
False
63The moral code of a society determines what is right or wrong. There is no objective standard considered better than other (Five Claims of Cultural Relativists) True or False?
True
64There is a universal moral truth (Five Claims of Cultural Relativists) True or False
False
65The moral code of a particular society has no special special status (Five Claims of Cultural Relativists) True or False
True
66It is essential for one culture to judge another culture. Other cultures should not be tolerated (Five Claims of Cultural Relativists) True or False
False
671. It warns us from assuming that our preferences are the absolute rational standard. 2. It teaches us to keep an open mind and to be more amenable in discovering the truth (What is this? and Who said this?)
Advantages of Cultural Relativism (James Rachels)
681.We cannot call out societal practices that promote harm. 2.We cannot justifiably criticize our own culture's harmful practices. 3.The idea of a social progress becomes doubtful (What is this? and Who said this
Disadvantages of Cultural Relativism (James Rachels)
69What can lesson can you get from cultural relativism?
One is tha "tolerance" is necessary for people of different cultural origins to co-exist and live peacefully in a society, since there is no independent standard in ethics. However, this also implies that cultural relativism discourages critical thinking and independent decision-making in Ethics as it requires unsuspecting compliance and subscription to social norms. at some point it teaches us that to be ethical, folkways and cultural forms should be followed uncritically.
70What is a proof that cultural relativism is wrong?
Universal Values
71Values that is generally shared by cultures. It says that the cultural relativism's claim that culture's moralities different from each other is mistaken
Universal Values
72What are the 3 Universal values shared by all cultures?
Caring for the young, murder is wrong, tell the truth
73Who believed that it is right to eat the dead?
Calltians (Indian Tribe)
74What do Eskimos believe?
There is nothing wrong with infanticide
75Why are the cases of Callatians and Eskimos neither objectively right or objectively wrong?
It is only a matter of opinion, which varies from culture to culture
76People from different cultures, seem to have the same sets of ethics (True or False)
False
77What are the 6 Basic Filipino Values?
Pakikisama, Hiya, Amor Propio, Utang na loob, Filipino hospitality, Respect for elders
78What are the 10 qualities of the Filipino Moral Identity?
The home environment, the social environment, culture and language, history, the educational system, religion, the economic environment, the political environment, mass media, leadership and role models
797 Strengths of the Filipino Character
Pakikipagkapwa-Tao, Family Orientation, Joy and Humor, [Flexibility, Adaptability and Creativity], Hard Work and Industry, Faith and Religiosity, Ability to survive
807 Weaknesses of the Filipino Character
Extreme Personalism, Extreme Family-Centeredness, Lack of Discipline, Passivity and Lack of Initiative, Colonial Mentality, Kanya-kanya syndrome, Lack of Self-Analysis and Self-reflection
81Concerned with the principles of right and wrong behavior or the goodness and badness of the human character
Moral
82The mental and moral qualities distinct to an individual
Character
83In Philosophy, it usually denotes to the "moral dimension of a person"
Character
84Existence or the lack of virtues such as integrity, courage, fortitude, honesty and loyalty
Moral character
85Where did the term "Character come from?"
From the Greek word "character
86What are the difference between Western and Eastern Ethics in terms of "Basis"
Western: Rational Thought Eastern: Religious Teachings
87What are the difference between Western and Eastern Ethics in terms of "Focus"?
Western: Finding the Truth. Eastern: Protocol and Respect
88What are the difference between Western and Eastern Ethics in terms of "Emphasis"?
Western: Logic, Cause and Effect Eastern: Respect Towards Family
89What are the difference between Western and Eastern Ethics in terms of "Approach"?
Western: Rational Eastern: Holistic and Cultural
90What are the difference between Western and Eastern Ethics in terms of where the "roots" are?
Western: Athens, Rome, and Judeo Christianity. Eastern: Hinduism, Buddhism Confucianism and Taoism
91What are the difference between Western and Eastern Ethics in terms of "Conflict and Harmony"?
Western: Good must triumph over evil Eastern: Good and Bad, Light and Dark all exist in equilibrium
92Considered as seeds of human personality that will naturally unfold to become human activities
Four Beginnings in Confucian Traditions
93What are the Four Beginnings in Confucian Traditions
Jen, Yi, Li, Zhi
94Heart of compassion (leads to goodwill sympathy to others, generosity)
Jen
95Heart of righteousness (leads to righteousness, respect of duty, respect to your position as guardian towards nature and humanity)
Yi
96The heart of propriety (Leads to etiquette, customs, and rituals)
Li
97Heart of Wisdom (Leads to wisdom)
Zhi
98An approach that reduces the emphasis on rules, consequence and particular acts
Virtue Ethics
99According to him, each person has a built-in desire to be virtuous and that if a person is focused on being a good person the right actions will follow effortlessly and you will do good things
Aristotle
100Two Distinct Human Excellences
Excellences of Thought, Excellences of Character
101Often translated as moral virtues or moral excellence
Excellences of Character
102Epistemic or intellectual virtues such as technical expertise accomplishment and practical wisdom
Excellences of Thought
103A combination of well-being, happiness and flourishing
Eudaimonia
104What is the principle of being virtuous? That moral behavior us the one that is in the middle of two extrem behaviors (or what Aristotle call vices)
Doctrine of the Golden Mean
105What do you call a person who wants to do what is good and dies it because he/she derives pleasure from choosing and doing what is moral?
A virtuous man
106Aristotle believed that you need to practice the virtues in your everyday activity all through your life in order to achieve what?
Eudaimonia
107Means that you're a good person and a good citizen with sound moral compass
Moral Character
108His theory holds that moral reasoning which is the basis for ethical behavior has identifiable developmental stages and each become more adequate at responding to moral dilemmas as the person progresses from one stage to another
Lawrence Kohlberg (Kohlberg's Theory)
109Consists of 3 levels and 6 stages of Moral Development
Kohlberg's Theory
110Pre-Conventional Morality [3 levels and 6 stages of Moral Development ]
Level 1
111Obedience and Punishment Oreintation [3 levels and 6 stages of Moral Development ]
Stage 1
112Reward Orientation [3 levels and 6 stages of Moral Development ]
Stage 2
113Conventional Morality [3 levels and 6 stages of Moral Development ]
Level 2
114Good interpersonal relationships or good boyirl orientation [3 levels and 6 stages of Moral Development ]
Stage 3
115Maintaining Social Order or Authority Orientation [3 levels and 6 stages of Moral Development ]
Stage 4
116Post-Conventional Morality [3 levels and 6 stages of Moral Development ]
Level 3
117Social Contract and Individual Rights [3 levels and 6 stages of Moral Development ]
Stage 5.
118Universal Principles or Principle Orientation
Stage 6