1"Culture has the power individuals to create beliefs such as believe in God" (Who said this?"
Emile Durkheim
2A complex phenomenon. It contains nearly all aspects of shared human experiences
Culture
3According to him "Culture served to justify inequality because the ruling class determines what is right and wrong while the rest merely follow"
Marx
4What are the 5 Elements of Culture?
Symbols, Language, Beliefs, Values and Norm
5Can be anything that a group of people find meaningful
Symbols
6Is a complex system that enabled human beings to communicate either verbally or through writing
Language
7Are assumptions or convictions held to be true by an individual or a group of people. These assumptions or convictions could be events, people or things
Beliefs
8Are culturally acceptable standards of behavior. It is what a person considers important or beneficial in life
Values
9An informal guideline by a particular group of people or social unit about what is considered normal, incorrect or correct social behavior
Norm
10"A child's cultural surrounding should express the image of a noble character" (who said this?)
Plato
11What is the most famous and dominant form of moral relativism?
Cultural Relativism
12Fundamentally believes that no act is good or bad objectively
Moral Relativism
13According to him, civilization is not something absolute, but is relative and our ideas and conceptions are true only so far as our civilization goes
Franz Boaz
14He said that, cultural relativism explains why one behavior or practice is completely acceptable by a particular group of people while it is taboo in another. "It refers to the idea that values, knowledge and behavior or people must be understood between within it's cultural context and not by standards of other culture"
Allan Locke
15Different societies have the same moral codes (Five Claims of Cultural Relativists) True or False?The moral The
False
16The moral code of a society determines what is right or wrong. There is no objective standard considered better than other (Five Claims of Cultural Relativists) True or False?
True
17There is a universal moral truth (Five Claims of Cultural Relativists) True or False
False
18The moral code of a particular society has no special special status (Five Claims of Cultural Relativists) True or False
True
19It is essential for one culture to judge another culture. Other cultures should not be tolerated (Five Claims of Cultural Relativists) True or False
False
201. It warns us from assuming that our preferences are the absolute rational standard. 2. It teaches us to keep an open mind and to be more amenable in discovering the truth (What is this? and Who said this?)
Advantages of Cultural Relativism (James Rachels)
211.We cannot call out societal practices that promote harm. 2.We cannot justifiably criticize our own culture's harmful practices. 3.The idea of a social progress becomes doubtful (What is this? and Who said this
Disadvantages of Cultural Relativism (James Rachels)
22What can lesson can you get from cultural relativism?
One is tha "tolerance" is necessary for people of different cultural origins to co-exist and live peacefully in a society, since there is no independent standard in ethics. However, this also implies that cultural relativism discourages critical thinking and independent decision-making in Ethics as it requires unsuspecting compliance and subscription to social norms. at some point it teaches us that to be ethical, folkways and cultural forms should be followed uncritically.
23What is a proof that cultural relativism is wrong?
Universal Values
24Values that is generally shared by cultures. It says that the cultural relativism's claim that culture's moralities different from each other is mistaken
Universal Values
25What are the 3 Universal values shared by all cultures?
Caring for the young, murder is wrong, tell the truth
26Who believed that it is right to eat the dead?
Callatians (Indian Tribe)
27What do Eskimos believe?
There is nothing wrong with infanticide
28Why are the cases of Callatians and Eskimos neither objectively right or objectively wrong?
It is only a matter of opinion, which varies from culture to culture
29People from different cultures, seem to have the same sets of ethics (True or False)
False
30What are the 6 Basic Filipino Values?
Pakikisama, Hiya, Amor Propio, Utang na loob, Filipino hospitality, Respect for elders
31What are the 10 qualities of the Filipino Moral Identity?
The home environment, the social environment, culture and language, history, the educational system, religion, the economic environment, the political environment, mass media, leadership and role models
327 Strengths of the Filipino Character
Pakikipagkapwa-Tao, Family Orientation, Joy and Humor, [Flexibility, Adaptability and Creativity], Hard Work and Industry, Faith and Religiosity, Ability to survive
337 Weaknesses of the Filipino Character
Extreme Personalism, Extreme Family-Centeredness, Lack of Discipline, Passivity and Lack of Initiative, Colonial Mentality, Kanya-kanya syndrome, Lack of Self-Analysis and Self-reflection
34Concerned with the principles of right and wrong behavior or the goodness and badness of the human character
Moral
35The mental and moral qualities distinct to an individual
Character
36In Philosophy, it usually denotes to the "moral dimension of a person"
Character
37Existence or the lack of virtues such as integrity, courage, fortitude, honesty and loyalty
Moral character
38Where did the term "Charakter come from?"
From the Greek word "character
39What are the difference between Western and Eastern Ethics in terms of "Basis"
Western: Rational Thought Eastern: Religious Teachings
40What are the difference between Western and Eastern Ethics in terms of "Focus"?
Western: Finding the Truth. Eastern: Protocol and Respect
41What are the difference between Western and Eastern Ethics in terms of "Emphasis"?
Western: Logic, Cause and Effect Eastern: Respect Towards Family
42What are the difference between Western and Eastern Ethics in terms of "Approach"?
Western: Rational Eastern: Holistic and Cultural
43What are the difference between Western and Eastern Ethics in terms of where the "roots" are?
Western: Athens, Rome, and Judeo Christianity. Eastern: Hinduism, Buddhism Confucianism and Taoism
44What are the difference between Western and Eastern Ethics in terms of "Conflict and Harmony"?
Western: Good must triumph over evil Eastern: Good and Bad, Light and Dark all exist in equilibrium
45Considered as seeds of human personality that will naturally unfold to become human activities
Four Beginnings in Confucian Traditions
46What are the Four Beginnings in Confucian Traditions
Jen, Yi, Li, Zhi
47Heart of compassion (leads to goodwill sympathy to others, generosity)
Jen
48Heart of righteousness (leads to righteousness, respect of duty, respect to your position as guardian towards nature and humanity)
Yi
49The heart of propriety (Leads to etiquette, customs, and rituals)
Li
50Heart of Wisdom (Leads to wisdom)
Zhi
51An approach that reduces the emphasis on rules, consequence and particular acts
Virtue Ethics
52According to him, each person has a built-in desire to be virtuous and that if a person is focused on being a good person the right actions will follow effortlessly and you will do good things
Aristotle
53Two Distinct Human Excellences
Excellences of Thought, Excellences of Character
54Often translated as moral virtues or moral excellence
Excellences of Character
55Epistemic or intellectual virtues such as technical expertise accomplishment and practical wisdom
Excellences of Thought
56A combination of well-being, happiness and flourishing
Eudaimonia
57What is the principle of being virtuous? That moral behavior us the one that is in the middle of two extrem behaviors (or what Aristotle call vices)
Doctrine of the Golden Mean
58What do you call a person who wants to do what is good and dies it because he/she derives pleasure from choosing and doing what is moral?
A virtuous man
59Aristotle believed that you need to practice the virtues in your everyday activity all through your life in order to achieve what?
Eudaimonia
60Means that you're a good person and a good citizen with sound moral compass
Moral Character
61His theory holds that moral reasoning which is the basis for ethical behavior has identifiable developmental stages and each become more adequate at responding to moral dilemmas as the person progresses from one stage to another
Lawrence Kohlberg (Kohlberg's Theory)
62Consists of 3 levels and 6 stages of Moral Development
Kohlberg's Theory
63Pre-Conventional Morality [3 levels and 6 stages of Moral Development ]
Level 1
64Obedience and Punishment Oreintation [3 levels and 6 stages of Moral Development ]
Stage 1
65Reward Orientation [3 levels and 6 stages of Moral Development ]
Stage 2
66Conventional Morality [3 levels and 6 stages of Moral Development ]
Level 2
67Good interpersonal relationships or good boyirl orientation [3 levels and 6 stages of Moral Development ]
Stage 3
68Maintaining Social Order or Authority Orientation [3 levels and 6 stages of Moral Development ]
Stage 4
69Post-Conventional Morality [3 levels and 6 stages of Moral Development ]
Level 3
70Social Contract and Individual Rights [3 levels and 6 stages of Moral Development ]
Stage 5.
71Universal Principles or Principle Orientation
Stage 6