mod 1

study of how genes
and how traits are passed
down from one generation to
the next

People who study genes

sequence of DNA or RNA that codes for a molecule that has a function on the transmission of genes to an organisms offspring in the basis of the inheritance of phenotypic traits.

molecule composed of two chains which coil around each other to form a double helix carrying the genetic instructions used in the growth, development, functioning of all known living organisms

different versions of
genes for each feature

specify the sequences of
amino acids, which are
the building blocks of
proteins

responsible
for orchestrating nearly
every function of the cell

does not provide
instructions for making
proteins;
Initially though as “junk

types of gene transfer

types of horizontal gene transfer in prokaryotes

horizontal gene transfer in eukaryotes

organisms genetic information

set of observable traits

chart displaying
the chromosome
pairs from largest
to smallest

Reproduction:
- Sexual reproduction
- Regeneration
- spontaneous generation
Concept of potentiality

discovered cells and gave scientists the idea of
preformationism

1859)
Individual organisms vary in their ability to survive and
reproduce

figured out the laws of inheritance at about
the same time that Darwin was working on his book

Parental traits are “mixed” in the offspring

the adaptive
character trait could be maintained
if those individuals expressing it
were isolated from other members
of the species

recognized that some
traits were “Prepotent” (dominant)
and did not blend or dilute through
the generations

darwin countered 3-5

variation according to Gregor Mendel

a theory of heredity that states that all parts of an organism contribute to the
next generation. Charles Darwin proposed the theory in ____

provided the Germ Plasm Theory
(1883) as an alternative

genetic information from different parts of the body travels to the reproductive organs where it is transferred to the gametes

germ-lime tissue in the reproductive organs contains a complete set of genetic information that is transferred directly to the gametes

transfused blood between
rabbit strains and
demonstrating that the
offspring did not acquire traits
from the strains that donated
the blood

Publication of results on
the inheritance of factors
in garden peas (1866)
-
developed three
fundamental
principles or laws of
heredity

discovered chromosomes and
mitosis (1880)

coined the term "eugenics" (1883)

discovered that each species has
a fixed number of chromosomes;
• he also discovered the formation
of haploid cells during cell division
of sperm and ova (meiosis) in
1887

Independently Rediscovered
Mendel’s Work* in 1900

Dutch
botanist who continued
Darwin’s idea of pangenesis
as the particulate units of
inheritance which he
described in his Intracellular
Pangenesis (1889)

form of saltationism
[saltus = leap] circa 1903

yearWalter S.Sutton noticed relationships of Mendel's factor with chromosome behaviour

they explained how gender is determined by special chromosomes

Coined the terms genetics, allele, homozygous, heterozygous

Proposed that some human diseases are due to inborn erroe of metabolism that result from the lack of specific enzyme

They independently formulated the Hardy- Weinberg principle of population genetics

For each chromosome contributed by the sperm there is a corresponding chromosome contributed by the egg, there are two chromosomes of each kind, which together constitute a pair

Morgan made an insightful choice for an
experimental organism _________a fruit fly
species that eats fungi on fruit

In 1927, Xrays cause artificial gene mutations in Drosophila

In 1928: He proposed that some unknown "principle" had transformed the harmless R strain of Diplococcus to the virulent S. strain

cytological proof for crossing-over in maize

They irradiated the red bread mold, Neurospora, and proved that gene produces its effect by regulation particular enzymes
-proposedd the 1-gene-1 enzyme concept

Reported that they had purified transforming principle in Griffith's experiment and that it was DNA

Developed the hypothesis of transferrable elements to explain color variations in corn

He discovered a one-to-one ratio of A to T and G to C in DNA samples from a variety of organisms

Show by X-ray crystallography that DNA exists as two strands wound together in a spiral or helical shape

They used phages in which the protein was labeles with 35s and the DNA with 32P for the final proof that DNA is the molecule of heredity

They developed a three-dimensional model of the structure of DNA based in part on X-ray diffraction photographs taken by Rosalind Franklin

work of TMV (virus that infects Tobacco)

s a single molecule of RNA surrounded by a helically arranged cylinder of protein molecules

demonstrated that just RNA isolated
from TMV is sufficient to infect tobacco plants and direct the production of
new TMV particles. This finding confirmed that RNA carries genetic
instructions

They showed that the diploid chromosome number for humans is 46

used isotopes of nitrogen to prove the semiconservative replication of DNA

He purified DNA polymerase I from E. coli, the first enzyme that made DNA in a testube.
-His work on DNA synthesis led to creating recombinant DNA and genetic engineering

Genetic code arranged in triplet

Proves watson central dogma is not always true

Restriction enzyme dicovered

DNA sequence was determined

discovered PCR

Discovered DNA finger printing

Human Genome Sequence

Genome of H. influenza was sequenced

yeast genome was sequenced

round worm genome was sequenced

Human Genome was released by human genome project and Celera genomics simultaneously

Successful completion of human genome 99% accuracy

Sex specific, male line transgeneerational response (epigenetics- heritable changes in gene expression)

Importance of Genetics

Importance of genetics in agriculture

Importance of Genetics in Pharmaceutical Industry

Importance of Genetics in Medicine

Importance of Genetics in Dev. Bio

Laboratory Study of Genetics 20th century and beyond

Levels of Genetic Analysis

governs the transfer of heredity
characters from parent to offspring
- this is based on Gregor Mendel’s work
published in 1865-66

concerned with the structure and
function of genes at the molecular level
- includes the technique of genetic
engineering (direct manipulation of an
organism's genome)

the study of genetic variation within and
among populations and the evolutionary
factors that explain this variation

Haploid 23 Chromosomes in human

Diploid 46 chromosomes (2n) in human

Fusion of cell membrane & cytoplasm

Fusion of cell membrane

Has UNLIMITED ability to self-renew

Cells can differentiate into any type of cell, used for Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis

embryonic cells can become anything except a placenta
inner cell mass are used to make embryonic
stem cell lines

Adult’ cells are already committed to a certain
tissue layer

Where are embryonic stem cells obtained?

Where are adult stem cells obtained?

How flexible are embryonic stem cells?

How flexible are adult stem cells?

synthesis of
proteins and lipids

contains lysozyme

oxidative enzymes (catalase)

has a double
membrane whose inner folds
carry enzymes that catalyze
reactions that extract energy
from nutrients

how many genes does mtDNA contain

can only be observe
during cell division

constricted region where spindle fibers attach

centromere is located approximately in the center of the chromosomes and the lenghts of the two arms (p and q) are approximately equal

the centromere is located slightly off center of the chromosome and the short arm can be easily distinguised from the long arm, but the short arm is not extremely short

the centromere is close to the end of the chromosome and the short arm is extremely short

-Do not stain in Feulgen reaction
-observe usually in acrocentric
chromosomes

Protects the end of
chromosomes from
becoming frayed or tangled

Grainy
material that DNA forms
when it is not coiled into
chromosomes

(two identical copies of
a chromosome)

regions of tightly folded DNA

not dividing

creates copies of its
organelles and proteins

DNA replication

final prep; “double
check”

: nucleus of the cell divided

create two daughter cells