Civil rights

-1870 15th Amendment
-Ulysses S Grant sends federal forces to the south to protect emancipation

-1873 Slaughterhouse case, ruled that states still had some legal jurisdiction over voting

-Woodrow Wilson screens Birth of a Nation in the white house
-Shows direct support of KKK

1875 - Minor v. Happersett said that women were as equal as men were as citizens, but that citizenship does not automatically allow for a right to vote.
-1908 - National Consumers League defended Oregon's 10 hour work-week limit for women in Muller vs Oregon citing the efforts of childbearing and homemaking.

-1877 Compromise, limited the scope of the 14th and 15th amendments
-1901 T Roosevelt meets with BT Washington

-1955 murder of Emmett Till
-Economic segregation still present in Northern cities in the 50's
-1968, MLK assassinated
-1992 LA riot, 42 people dead
-1970 - black people occupied 35% of prison population. By 1990 this had risen to 47%.

-The 1933 passing of the Federal Emergency Relief Act finally allowed financial assistance, and homeless women could seek additional refuge in city shelters
-The Farm Security act of 1937 helped many poor farmers, but did not help women
-In 1940, 11 states said that a woman couldn't hold her own earnings without husbands permission.
-Fair Labour Standards Act of 1938 implemented protective wage and hour legislation for both men and women.

-Reservations (breaking treaties)
-1887 Dawes Act created allotments - citizenship for those who pay tax, accept private property and abandon tribal lifestyle, 150 million acres in 1887 to 78 million in 1900
-5 civilised tribes exempt until 1898 Curtis Act
-Dance order 1883
-1924 Citizenship, but ⅔ already had citizenship due to the war
-1868 Fort Laramie treaty, made the NA move to Dakota

-1934 Wheeler Howard Act (Indian Reorganisation Act) allowed religion including dances and ceremonies, rights to women and protection of land from new purchases, greater self-management & included New Deal hospitals and schools BUT reality never matched aspirations
-However 75 of 245 tribes voted against the act
-1935 Indian Arts and Crafts Board to promote and market Native American tribal products
-Unclaimed lands from Dawes act given back to Native Americans
-ICC created 1948, $669 million paid by 1978

700k enrolled to vote
22 African Americans elected to congress

-Freedman's Bureau established 1865
-Black Codes allowed AA to be discriminated against

-Churches helped support black communities
-Race Riots in Memphis (46 dead) and New Orleans (200 dead) 1866
-Organisations (KKK + White league) on the rise

-1900 90% of AA live in the south
-10% left before WW1, moving into urban areas such as Harlem
-AA enterprises had their own parallel markets to white businesses
-Ida B Wells refuses to give up her seat, 1884, published leaflets. However, they achieved no change
-1895 Atlanta compromise, BT Washington to accommodate white south
-1905 Niagara movement, lead by WEB Dubois, demanded restoration of rights and abolition of discrimination
-1909 NAACP formed after National Congress of the Negro
-1881 Atlanta Washerwomen strike for better wages successfully

-in 1890 the federal government insisted that Southern states establish Black state institutions as land grant colleges to provide for Black higher education, in order to continue to receive funds for their already established White schools.
-By 1900 most African Americans were literate
-Jim Crow laws developed, 8 states introduced segregation
-Poll tax, grandfather clause and literacy tests introduced to limit emancipation

-Plessy v Ferguson 1896, ruled segregation legal
-Mississippi v Williams rules poll tax constitutional 1898

-Social Darwinism evolves
-Campaigns to take away AA right to vote sprang up across the south
-Lynching became prevalent between 1880 and 1910
-Springfield riot 1908

-25% of black farmers owned their land
-by 1913 AA had 1.7 mil pupils in schools and a 70% literacy rate
-1.5 mil AA leave rural south, 0.5 mil leave south altogether.
-1919 NAACP at 88000 members
-2m AA registered for drafting
-1914 Marcus Garvey founds the Universal Negro Improvement Association, however he is arrested in 1922 for mail fraud
-Creation of an all black training camp
-Harlem renaissance
-1920 - Black clubwomen in North Carolina launched voter registration drive that enrolled 1,000 people

-1917 War Risk Insurance act claimed by black wives of soldiers
-Work or Fight legislation led to many AAs being arrested 1918

NAACP:
-Guinn v US 1915 outlaws grandfather clauses
- Buchanan v Warley 1916 declared Kentucky segregation unconstitutional
Non NAACP:
-Moore V Dempsey 1923, death sentences of 12 AA stopped, as the trial was overrun with mobs

-Jobs opened for AA in the North, as soldiers left to fight
-KKK reformed 1915, cross burnings
-Membership jumps from 100k in 1921 to over 5 million in 1924
-80% of black soldiers assigned to labour battalions
-KKK march on washington 1925
-1917 St Louis race riots
-1919 'Red Summer' race riots across the US
-⅓ southern men in the KKK
-1915 Birth of a nation

Greenville, South Carolina, 1939 - NAACP's work raised black registration from 35 to 324.

-FDR provides relief to black families, 30% of black families on relief
-250k AA hired by Civil Conservation Corps
-Works progress administration hires 425k
-New Deal public works open to all races
-Public housing helped move thousands of AA out of unsanitary housing
-Roosevelt refuses to endorse anti lynching bill
-1935 CCC ordered to be segregated

Social Security Act 1938 excluded farmworkers and domestic workers, most were black

-Gaines V Canada 1938 ruled separate but equal facilities had to be equal
-Trudeau v Barnes in 1933 insisted on all state appeals being exhausted before a case could come before the supreme court, slowed NAACP
-1935 Norris v Alabama, proven that Alabama excluded AA from juries during Scottsboro boys case, leading to Norris being acquitted

-Scottsboro affair 1931, 9 boys wrongly accused of rape, sentenced to death
-Half of industrial companies said they would not hire AA 1930

-1941 Philip Randolph threatens 100k march on congress, forces Roosevelt to pass executive order
-Double V campaign 1942
-1940-1946, NAACP's membership rose from 50,000 to 500,000.
-1944 - 50 black college students in Savannah occupied the front of the bus and refused to move.
-900k AA join the army

-Executive order 8802, 1941, bans discrimination in defence industry in response to march on Washington
-1940 Roosevelt required the army to hire soldiers with racial proportionality.
-Fair employment practices committee created

-Smith V Allwright, 1944, NAACP case, banned discrimination in democratic primaries

-Race Riot in Detroit 1943

-MLK founds SCLC in 1957
-1955 Montgomery bus boycotts
-Black unemployment increased more than white unemployment from 1945
-1961 Albany campaign, lack of violence made it MLK failure
-1963 MLK march for jobs and freedom on Washington, 250k watched his speech
-1966 Black Panthers emerged
-1966 Black Power movement, after death of Malcolm X
-1966 March against fear, James Meredith killed
-1969 People’s Free Food program, set up by the Black Panthers, fed 20000 people in 1969
-MLK speaks out against the Vietnam war, loses LBJ support
-4000 elected officials by 1980, 2500 in the south
-Jesse Jackson launched a presidential campaign in 1984, won 21% of the popular vote at primaries

-1946 - Truman created a President's Committee on Civil Rights
-LBJ signs voting rights act 1965, added 900k black voters in covered states
-Nixon stood against the Black Panthers
-1971 bussing introduced to help integrate black children, proportion of students attending all black schools dropped from 68% to 18%
-1976 Carter appoints 37 AA federal judges
-Ronald Reagen follows colourblind approach, crackdown on crime
-CIA also sell crack to black neighbourhoods
-1983 - Reagan signs bill making Martin Luther King's birthday a national holiday

-Civil Rights act 1964, prohibits all discrimination
-Equal Opportunity act, 1972
-Quotas for number of black students needed at university raised

-Griggs v Duke power Co 1971 stood against employee discrimination
-Brown V Board of Education 1954, racial segregation in schools unconstitutional
-Alexander v Holmes County BofE, 1969, which ordered 33 school districts to desegregate in Mississippi
-Milliken v. Bradley, [1974], banned bussing for integration

-Women's Christian Temperance Union founded 1874, political lobbying and mass meetings
-WCTU has 27000 members by 1880, 900k by 1900
-Susan B Anthony attempts to cast a ballot and is arrested, 1872
-Women's crusade, 1873-4, mass meetings, prayer vigils and demonstrations held
-More female than male highschool graduates in 1890
-Anti Saloon league created 1893
-Charlotte Gilman writes Women and Economics, 1898, condemning separate spheres, hugely unsuccessful
-1895 - 1915, the number of of articles in The Woman's Journal advocating reform legislation doubled.
-Alice Paul formed the Congressional Union in 1913 that helped organise a parade of 5,000 women that arrived at Woodrow Wilson's inauguration ceremonies.
-NAWSA formed from NWSA and AWSA in 1890

1873 Comstock laws banning birth control

-Roosevelt's Bull Moose Party had a convention in 1912 and called for reform that granted women the right to vote.

-Proportion of women in higher education remained lower
-Only 2% of trade unionists were women in 1914

-The League of Women Voters [LWV] was formed in 1919 so as to help organise newly enfranchised women.
-Mrs Rebecca Felton was named as a senator in 1922 to fill a temporary vacancy caused by death, which lasted an hour
-Margaret Sanger birth control campaign 1921
-ERA campaign founded, introduced in Congress in 1923
-1915 Mary Talbert anti lynching campaign
-American Birth Control League, founded in 1921, 27.5k members by 1924
-Number of working class married women in the workforce increased from 22.8 to 28.8%
-Eleanor Roosevelt spoke at a democratic convention in 1924, urging for child labour and social welfare reform.
-Alice Paul founded The Woman's Party in 1916, specifically tailored to total equality. At its peak in 1920 it only had 8,000 members
-Parent Teachers Association campaigned to help out mothers and gained 1.5m members by the 1920s.
-During the 1920s, the female labour force grew by 26%, with over a million joining the white collar workforce by 1930.

-Woodrow Wilson invites Carrie Chapman Catt into the white house, 1920
-Women's bureau established in the department of labour in 1920 but was very limited in what it achieved

-19th amendment passed, 1920, giving women the right to vote
-Both parties appointed women as equal members of their respective national committees, and each named women candidates to governmental positions
-By the end of 1921, twenty state legislatures had granted women the right to serve on juries
-Shepherd Towner act, 1921, made $1,250,000 a year available for maternity and infant health. However, expired in 1929 -1922, congress passed The Cable Act, which allowed women to retain citizenship if they married a foreigner

-Anti prohibition showed women were still split in their goals
-Women's voting was 50% in presidential years, and 33% in off years

-There were more married women working in 1940 than in 1933
-Molly Dewson headed DNC womens division 1932
-Frances Perkins was appointed as secretary of Labour in 1933
-The war saw an increase in women in state legislatures from 144 to 228.
-Women who served in the armed forces had broadened their horizons, after 1945 75% wanted to remain in paid employment
-350k women served
-6 million women entered the workforce
-37000 women were killed in factories
-Rosie the Riveter propaganda
-1940-1945, women in work increased by 50%

-1934, there were about 275,000 women working in the Civil Works Administration
-1935, there were about 204,000 women in the Work Division of the Federal Emergency Relief Administration
-New Deal work relief had involved 743,000 women

-There was built-in inequality in pensions, as much New Deal social legislation rested on the assumption that men worked and women looked after them and the home.
-In 1944, the average woman's salary was $31.21 a week for manufacturing work, even though the men that still remained made $54.65 a week
-In a poll in 1936, 75% of women disapproved of wives working.

-In 1960, twice as many women held jobs as they had done in 1940. 40% of all women over the age of 16 held jobs.
-1950-1960, proportion of women in middle class households rose from 7% to 25%

-Federal grants for day cares for working mothers were taken away between 1942 and 1946

-1940 - Congress passed the Lanham Act, which invested money into childcare facilities. They promised to provide childcare for 1m children, but in reality only provided it for 100,000.

-2 million women fired from heavy industry jobs as the war ended
-1950-1968, number of people living in suburbs rose from 24%-35%
-Michigan, 1955, 21% of working women cited a sense of fulfillment and satisfaction as a reason for their work, compared to just 8% in 1943.

-Betty Friedan published The Feminine Mystique in 1963. It sold more than 1 million copies.
-The National Organisation for Women [NOW] was founded in 1966
-1970 - College was 8:1 male. By 1975, the ratio dropped to 3:1
-1971 - Gloria Steinem founds the Ms Magazine. It circulates 20000 copies, and reveals the extent of domestic abuse and rape
-Woman's Equity Action League brough legal action against 300 schools seen as being discriminatory 1969
-NOW brought legal action against employers who sexually discriminated
-20k strong ERA strike 1972
-EMILYs List 1985, focused on electing Democratic female candidates
-American women owned 7.7 million businesses in 1996

-Congress debated the Child Development Act, which would pay for free childcare for mothers who could not afford it. But Nixon vetoed it
-Women and children assisted by the Aid to Families with Dependent Children rose from 3m to 11m from the 1950s to the 1980s
-The US needed to harness its best talents regardless of gender for the space race
-1967 executive order against sex discrimination through employment by companies with federal contracts

-The Equal Pay Act [1963] prohibited sex based discrimination of employment
-The Equal Rights Amendment was passed by congress in 1972, initially proposed in 1923
-22 states ratified the ERA in 1972, and 8 more in 1973
-Women's business ownership act 1988, gave grants to female owned businesses

-1965 Griswold V Connecticut got rid of Comstock laws
-1973 - Roe v. Wade ruled that a woman has a right to an abortion

-Divorce rates tripled from 1960-1984
-A study was made that demonstrated that women were receiving unequal pay to the public
- Wage gap not changed much between 1970s and 1990 and 2/3 of minimum wage workers are women

-Limited as tribes divided?! Even if united no use Lone Wolf and Sequoya
-1911 Society of American Indians a progressive group formed by 50 Native Americans, most of them middle-class professional men and women.
-Muskogee convention, 1905, conference with the leaders of 5 civilised tribes, to form state of Sequoyah
1923 American Indian Defense association founded, lead by John Collier, which aimed to protect land, culture and traditions

-1871 Grant - Indian Peace Policy (ie Reservations), Indians wards of state, well intentioned but badly executed
-President Hoover supported the Meriam Report recommendations, and appointed a new Indian Commissioner, Charles Rhoads, to put together a reform package (increased BIA budget to $20 million) -Also returned 2 million acres of land

-1902 Cherokee v Hitchcock and 1903 Lone Wolf v Hitchcock SC decided that Congress not bound by previous treaties because Indian tribes are "wards of the national and communities dependant on the US" - lost 90% of land promised in previous treaties
-1928 Porter V Hall removed Indian right to vote, named them as wards of the state.
-1886 Kagama V US, Indian crimes could be punished, even on reservations, by state governments, set a precedent for Dawes

-Plain Wars - pursue NA for land to expand west & violence against NA 1864 Sand Creek and 1890 Massacre at Wounded Knee kills 90
-Murder of the bison - during the 1870s 3 million bison are killed year on year.
-Assimilate - education, religion, farmers and eradicate traditional family life styles
-Indian Rights Association (1882) - -"bring about the complete civilization of the Indians and their admission to citizenship." Led by Herbert Walsh and other devout Christians
-Jim Thorpe's success in the Olympics, 1912
-Reservations ended power of local tribal chiefs and in unsuitable conditions population down from 300,000 to 100,000 in 1900 BUT Navajo adapted and succeeded with sheep and goats
-WW1 - Native Americans highest per capita/code talkers serving in non-segregated units serves to small extent as bridge between cultures
-WW1 10000 NA served alongside white soldiers, unlike AA troops.
-1928 Meriam Report attacked allotment policy
-Buffalo Bill shows -
Pros - Native American way of life seen and interaction with white American
Cons - emphasised stereotypes - NA were exhibits and perhaps not seen as people
-Carlisle boarding school 1879 - 'Kill the Indian, save the man.'

-National Congress of American Indians (1944) - legal battles and pressure to create Indian Claims Commission (By 1978 a total of $669 million had been awarded to tribes) - show of unity across tribes as successful -5000 Native americans were in service when pearl harbour happened -44000 by the end of the war (over 10%) -40000 worked in war related industries -Native American income went up to $2500 1945 from $500 1939

-FDR's New Deal under John Collier's Indian Affairs
-20,000 employed in CCC

-1948 Harrison v Laveen in Arizona state supreme court ended restrictions on voting for NA

-Heroism of Ira Hayes and Natives during the Second World War improved public perception

-National Indian Youth Council (1961) - unite in protest, students, direct actions such as fish-ins
(overlap with Civil Rights Movement such as MLK's Poor People's Campaign 1968)
-1953 first Urban Indian centre in Chicago

-Eisenhower wanted a solution to never ending "Indian problem"
-Termination to end any special status in 1953
-Public Law 280 1953 gave states jurisdiction over tribes on their territory
-House Concurrent Resolution 108 took away all federal aid and services granted to NA

-1956 Relocation Act up to 750,000 NA moved
-Offered jobs, loans, funds paying for homes and schooling for those who moved, but very few actually received this benefit, leading to 25% poverty rate, and 50% returning to reservations

-Tee-Hit-Ton Indians v. United States in 1955 the Courts decided that the Alaska tribe did not own their land but had permission to occupy it so could not claim for the timber the Fed Gov took from them.

-Urbanisation = struggle with low literacy, high disease in 1960 25% NA were 'poor' and life expectancy of 44 -20 years below average, NA 2x more likely to die of pneumonia and flu.
-50% returned to reservations
-From 1930 to 1960 Native american urban population increased by four times

-American Indian Movement (1968) - Red Power! In housing, education and employment including 'survival schools' in own language and culture
-Native American Rights Fund (1970) legal specialists
- One of NARF's earliest cases resulted in the 1974 Boldt Decision, in which a U.S. district judge ruled that Washington State must uphold tribal treaty rights, specifically fishing rights
- 1980 united states vs sioux nation the supreme court ruled that the nation deserved compensation for land lost in the black hills of dakota. This amounted to 106 million for the Lakota tribe however they rejected it and asked for land back instead.
- these are two of many cases in the timeframe that established important precedent
-Red Power push -> 1969 alcatraz occupation by Indians of all Tribes, Trail of Broken Treaties 1972, 1973 wounded knee
-1972 - The American Indian Movement [AIM] occupy the BIA, demand that it be removed. During an election so it gained more publicity. Violence and damage fixated on by public

-Nixon (continued LBJ's "forgotten Americans" agenda) with vigour by empowering NA to make their own decisions - Nixon at White House returning Taos Pueblo land
-President Nixon signed 52 Congressional legislative measures on behalf of American Indians to support tribal self-rule. In addition, President Nixon increased the BIA budget by 225 percent, doubled funds for Indian health care, and established the Office of Indian Water Rights
-Reagan 'native Capitalism' - Casinos would bring in over $1 billion annually for Native Americans -LBJ - 'forgotten Americans' speech, advocates National Council for Indian Opportunity push for sanitation, education and legal aid -In 1968 and 69 the president held a national council on Indian opportunity

-1972 Indian Education Act - more money for schools
-1975 Indian Self-Determination Act - responsibility for education, health and social services with federal funding. Step toward self-sufficiency
-1978 Native American Religious freedom Act - free to practise traditional religion, but restricted use of peyote (traditional herbal drug)
-1972 relocation ended
-1990 Native American Languages Act - Native Americans entitled to use their own languages

-1974 Oneida v Oneida SC decided in favour of tribal land return
-1976 Fisher v Montana SC decided that federal government cannot take children to Americanise, but let tribal courts decide
-1980 US v Sioux gave $106 million compensation for lost land which was refused (Sioux want their land back) -1986 Charrier v Bell SC protected Native burial sites -1982 Seminole v Butterworth allowed casinos

-Finally attention - Siege of Alcatraz 1969, Occupation of Mount Rushmore 1971
-Violence of AIM concerned many white Americans.
-See writing like Vine Deloria Jr "Custer Died for Your Sins," 1969
-Some recognition see LBJ forgotten American speech 1968 & Nixon
-Native Americans appointed to BIA such as Louis R Bruce
-Economic growth due to $1 billion annually in casinos... -Population increased up to 1.8 million in 1990 -But still below national averages and discriminated against -1975 Pine Ridge reservation shooting - Two FBI agents and one protester killed. Court later blamed the FBI... -1973 Marlon Brando refuses an Oscar in solidarity

-1886 Wabash v Illinois, limited State’s rights to impede interstate commerce. Led to the creation of the Interstate Commerce Commission
-1895 US v EC Knight Co, held that US congress could not regulate manufacturing, giving State govt sole power to take action
-1895 In Re Debs, US government had a right to regulate and ensure the operation of the postal service
-1895 Pollock v Farmers Loan and Trust, struck down income tax
-1905 Swift + Co v US, federal government allowed to regulate monopolies if they affected commerce

-1869 Repeal of Contract Labour Law, stopping import of European labour under contract
-1902 Anthracite coal strike, successful as Roosevelt intervenes and holds a meeting, 10% wage increase
-1906 Federal Meat inspection act, illegal to misbrand meat products
-1914 Ludlow Massacre, National guard attack strikers, kill 21

-1882 Asian exclusion act prohibited Chinese immigration for 10 years, renewed in 92
-1890 Sherman Antitrust Act, broadly prevented anti competitive agreements and attempts to monopolise the market
-1898 Erdman act prohibiting yellow dog contracts for a railroad company
-1914 Clayton Antitrust act, increases the Sherman acts powers

-1877 Great Railroad Strike, federal troops deployed, over 100 deaths.
-1886 Haymarket affair and Great Southwest railroad strike, both failed
-1892 Homestead strike, union bankrupted
-1892 Populist party, won a million votes, dissolved soon after their failed endorsement of the Democrats in 1896
-1894 Pullman strike, Cleveland sends in troops
-1905 Asiatic Exclusion league formed from 67 labour unions. 200 affiliated by 1908
-7 million workers participated in 37000 strikes 1881-1905
-1914 AFL reaches 2 million members

-1901 Carnegie controls ⅗ of the US steel production

-1871 Anti-Chinese riot in LA caused 24 deaths
- 9 million European immigrant arrived between 1880-1900
-1889 Hull House, designed to help the poorest, 200 by 1905
-1910 LA times bombing, killed 21, turns public against workers

-1915 Coppage V Kansas, allowed companies to issue yellow dog contracts
-1918 Hammer v Dagenhart, Keating-Owen (which limited the hours of child labour) ruled unconstitutional
-1921 Duplex printing press v Deering, reaffirmed the ruling that a secondary boycott was an illegal restraint on trade
-1921 Trurax v Corigan, invalidated a law that prevented state courts from issuing injunctions against unions

-1918 War Labour Board, established to mediate labour disputes during WW1
-1919 Palmer Raids, 600 suspected communists arrested.
-1921 Battle of Blair mountain, coal miner strike, national guard arrest 985
-1935 threat from FDR made the supreme court turn more pro-labour
-1935 Works Progress administration, employed 8.5 million in relief efforts
-1935 Rural electrification administration, 90% of farms had electricity by 1950

-1916 Keating-Owen child labour act, prohibited interstate sale of goods produced by children under 14
-1916 Adamson Act, 8 hour workday for interstate railroad workers
-1917 Espionage Act, prohibit interference with military operations or recruitment
-1921 Immigration restriction act, banned Asian immigrants
-1932 Norris-La Guardia act, banned yellow dog contracts
-1933 National Industry Recovery Act, tried to foster cooperation between employers and unions, declared unconstitutional by the SC in 1935
-1935 Wagner act, recognised the role of unions, declared constitutional
-1935 Social security act, guaranteed retirement payments for over 65s
-1938 Fair Labour standards act, minimum wage of 40 cents an hour and max working week of 40 hours for businesses involved in interstate commerce, raised wages of 12 million by 1940

-1916 Lumber strike, by International Workers of the World, lumber companies introduced some improvements
-1937 United Automobile workers made general motors accept the union, and end its anti union policy, with FDR intervention.
-1935 AFL CIO split but AFL have 500k more members by 1937 due to member drives

-1914 Henry Ford reduced workdays to 8 hours
-1920’s welfare capitalism
-Used submachine guns, grenades and shells to shut down strikes

-1947 Scheinberg V Smith upholds govt right to intervene in labour issues during wartime
-1952 Youngstown Sheet and Tube Co. V Sawyer, Truman is forbidden from seizing control of the steel mills to help a strike
-1961 International association of Machinists V Street, SC rules against closed shops

-1942 United mine workers strike, FDR turns public opinion against unions
-1944 FDR uses the Smith-Connally act to counter a transit strike
-1949 Truman convinces Congress to pass legislation to raise the minimum wage
-1953 Department of Health education and welfare created
-1941 National War Labour Board established

-1940 Fair Labour Standards amendment made the 40 hour workweek official - grew from Henry Ford's imposition in the 20's
-1943 Smith-Connally act passed authorising the president to seize any plant disrupted during wartime
-1947 Taft-Hartley act, restricted union activities, states given the right to pass ‘right to work’ laws.
-1955 Act passed banning government employees striking
-1959 Landrum-Griffin act, instituted federal penalties for labour officials who misused funds, and gave more freedom to state governments to set terms of labour relations
-1963 Equal Pay Act, wage discrimination on the basis of gender made illegal
-1964 Civil rights act, prohibited discrimination on the grounds of race
-1964 Economic opportunity act, funded and coordinated a job corps for young people

-1945 AFL has 6.8 million members
-1955 AFL-CIO merger, 17 million members
-1960 Negro American labour council founded
-1961 UAW and American Motors establish a progress-sharing fund, as well as profit-sharing
-1962 National farm workers association formed
-1964 AFL-COP encouraged workingmen to vote, and helped Kennedy defeat Nixon
-1965 Delano grape strike, organised by the Agricultural workers organizing committee, joined by NWFA, successful as sales were down 30%
-1970 26 grape growers signed contracts with the UFW
-1977 UFW fell apart due to conflict with the Teamsters

-1980 Whirlpool Corp V Marshall allowed private employees to avoid dangerous workplace conditions

-1981 PATCO air traffic controllers strike, 11000 fired
-Under Regan, NLRB settled half as many complaints as under Carter
-Budget for union busting activities increased by 40%
-Led to social change, 1983 3400 Arizona copper miners fired for striking

-1970 Occupational health and safety act, minimum safety requirements

-1970 Nationwide postal strike, largest wildcat strike, ended without a single employee fired and wage increases, led to Postal Reorganisation Act
-1974 Farah clothing strike, led to wage increases
-1979 peak union membership, 20 million members, but still made up a smaller proportion of labour force
-Unions returned to the AFL-CIO, UAW, Teamsters and United mine workers all returned by 1989
-1990 union membership 16%, lowest level since 1920
-381 strikes in 1970 to 31 from 1980-85