American Revolution

France controlled the Mississippi river, the Louisiana territory and Quebec in Canada. Their colonies were also closely controlled by the French government.
French colonies were located in the interior of America and were set up mostly to supply France with goods like fish and fur.
They were trappers and fishers more so than the agricultural British colonies, and enjoyed good relations with the Native Americans who they often worked closely with.
There were 60,000 French colonists in the mid-18th Century. French settlements were often small, little more than forts or outposts.

Unlike Spain and France, Britain was much more liberal with their colonies and maintained a ‘Laissez-faire’ approach
Colonies were concerned with farming the new lands to profit off them, planting things like tobacco, sugar, cotton etc.
Their plantations were often attacked by French and Native American cohorts since they did not enjoy the good relationship with Native Americans that the French did.
There were 1 million people in the British colonies, with Virginia the most populous.
There were 5 reasonably sized ports in Philly, NY, Boston, Newport and Charleston.
Unlike the French and Spanish colonies who were reluctant to allow in people from other nations or religions, British colonies accepted people from all over.
400,000 migrated to the 13 colonies including German/Dutch migrants and others from Europe, and also forced slaves from Africa.

France and Spain were Catholic states intolerant of other religions with colonies acting in the same way, compared to Britain whose colonies were tolerant of all religions and had many migrants who had gone to the New World specifically to escape religious persecution like Methodists, Quakers
There was no dominant religious group in the British colonies, which was completely different to France and Spain.
Therefore, there were fears among the settlers in British colonies that Spain and France (known allies) would join forces to prevent British expansion which could not be tolerated for those reasons.

Growth rate of 3% a year
1 million colonists by 1740
Industrial enterprises (Shipbuilding) encouraged
Dependent on Britain as a source of money, trade and investment

The amount of wealth/trade in the world is fixed
One nation’s gain is every other nation’s loss
That means nations should export (sell) much more than they import (buy)
Nations should do whatever possible to maximise their trade at the expense of others nations
The state should intervene in the economy, including the use of armed force against economic rivals
The economic function of an empire is to enrich the mother country and serve its economic interests

Caused the enforcement of the Navigation acts
Colonies seen as an economic source for Britain
Colonists supported the system as there was a guaranteed market for their goods
Protected American shipping by excluding foreign ships

1651-73
Only English ships could carry colonial goods and these ships had to be crewed by English crews. This would boost the English shipping industry.
Certain manufactured goods could only be made in Britain, not the colonies, including woollen yarn and cloth, and iron.
Britain should also be able to collect customs duties on goods shipped from America to Britain before they were sold to the rest of the world; that money would not go directly to the colonies.
However, only loosely enforced
High duties that were meant to be imposed were rarely collected in actuality.
Tax collectors were often bribed
The practice of smuggling was commonplace

90% of working population farmed for a living
Agriculture in the South dominant, tobacco exports £100 million by the war of independence
Fishermen more common in the North

Middle class far greater in the colonies than in Britain due to land availability
Hard to climb up the social ladder
Poorer labourers made up 20% of the population

Anti Catholic sentiment
Colonies affected by the Great Awakening, encouraged relationships between God and the individual
Literacy rates in the colonies were 75% of adult men by 1763, higher than England, causing a spread in written work

Governors appointed for each colony by the crown in most cases
Below the governor were the colonial assemblies
-Upper house appointed by governor
-Lower house elected
50-80% of adult white males could vote
Colonists could pass laws, but they had to be reviewed by the Privy council

Defined as the policy under which trade regulations for the colonies were laxly enforced and imperial supervision of internal colonial affairs was loose
Britain presumed that colonies were subject to UK parliamentary legislation
Colonists did not accept this, but this never came to an issue before 1763

1751
Prevented colonies from issuing paper money
Used to prevent inflation
Not met with significant backlash

Many NA forced over Appalachian mountains
France had a much closer relationship due to proximity and trade
Pickawillany attacked 1752 by French and NA forces

British colonists on the east coast wanted more economic opportunities
French were comitted to preventing British expansion

Conflict began in 1742
Spread to colonies in 1744
Colonists outnumbered French 15 to 1
1745 capture of Louisbourg
War ended with the 1748 Aix-La-Chapelle treaty

1745
Achieved by a colonial militia
100 colonists killed or wounded in the initial capture
900 died from disease
A village in Saratoga slaughtered by the French in response
Handed back to France at Aix-La-Chapelle

1748
Exchanged Louisbourg for Madras in India
Established a truce, but colonists still wanted to expand into the Ohio valley
New Board of Trade leader Lord Halifax appointed, who aimed to strengthen the government control in the colonies
Limited significance, no territory changed hands from the start to the end of the war

Began in 1754
Began with the 1754 Albany congress
Virginia speculators granted 200000 acres in the Ohio valley, leading to conflict with France
Fort Duquesne, failure
Fort Niagara, failure
Crown point attack failed
Only success was in Nova Scotia, where important forts were captured
British situation was weak in 1756, colonial militias weak and troops refused to serve beyond enlistment periods

June 1754
7/13 colonies met to discuss joint NA policy
No formal policy achieved in negotiation with Iroquois
Permanent inter-continental confederation established

General Braddock lead expedition to take control of the Fort in the Ohio Valley
Harassed by NA on the expedition, 456 deaths
Braddock killed in 1755
Recaptured in 1758

Britain formally declares war in 1756
Fort William Henry and Fort Oswego lost in 1757
Britain sends 25000 troops to America
1758 Louisbourg recaptured by general Howe
20000 colonist volunteers in militias, used to build roads and transport munitions, only 6800 French regulars
British precedence over colonists in rank ends
Quebec captured 1759
Battle of Quiberon bay 1759, prevented France from receiving supplies, Britain has naval control
1760 siege of Quebec, attempt to recapture, but loss of French navy meant there were no reinforcements
Ended with the Treaty of Paris 1763

Canada captured from France
All French possessions east of the Mississipi acquired
Florida traded from Spain
Britain biggest superpower
Threat of NA and French attacks on colonists no longer existed, making them less dependent on British military support

Secretary of State 1757
25000 troops to America
Three-pronged strategy to attack Louisbourg, Ticonderoga and Quebec in Canada and to retake Fort Duquesne
20000 colonial volunteers raised, as Pitt promised to pay - Loudon’s (previous British commander) demand for 7000 soldiers was met with mutiny
Established Militia act
Refused to recall troops in 1759
Paid Prussia to fight France in Europe

1757
Established local militias to protect Britain
Gave Pitt more soldiers to fight in America
Allowed Pitt to keep soldiers in America when facing threat of invasion 1759

1759
Sea route opened after capture of Louisbourg 1758
3 month siege
Captured in September 1759
All French expelled from Canada by 1760
18k soldiers in 100 ships used
This was due to Lord Anson's expansion of the navy, not Pitt
Helped by France downscaling their navy after Aix La Chapelle

1763
France lost all claims to Canada
Britain received Canada and Florida from Spain
Removed threats to the Colonies, established Britain in America
Britain also obtained most of the French sugar islands in the Caribbean and Florida from the Spanish.
The war gave training to American soldiers who would later become officers in the Continental Army.
Americans living near the border expected rewards from the conflict and anticipated advancing beyond the Appalachians

November 1759
Britain eliminates French naval supremacy
24 British ships beat 21 French ships
Allowed Britain to cut France off from supplies

1759-61
Cherokee's initially fought for the British
Turned against them in 1759
Started when settlers killed Cherokees returning from battle with the French
Failed treaty in 1759
Successful treaty in 1761

Under Lord Bute 10000 British soldiers stationed as a permanent army
Designed to protect against Native Americans and stop settlers from moving past the Appalachians
Cost of Colonial defence was 350k in 1763
Interest payments on the war debt were £4.4 million, govt income only £8 million

1763
Set a boundary of settlement across the top of the Appalachians
Standing army prevented settlers moving across

Native Americans under Ottowa chief Pontiac rose up in 1763
Killed and captured 2000 colonists
Detroit faced siege until the British relieved it
Seen as a reason for standing army by British, and a failure of standing army by Americans, led to proclamation line

1764
Lowered tax duty to 3d from 6d
Tax used to defend colonists
Rigorously enforced through vice admiralty courts
Any customs official who took a bribe was to be fined £500 and prevented from serving in any government post
Other products taxed, wine, textiles, coffee
9 colonial assemblies wrote to the British by 1765 arguing Parliament was abusing its power
Taxation without representation seen as tyranny
However, measure was mostly accepted

1764
Paper money had been issued during 7 years war
Act banned colonial currency, making it harder for debts to be paid
British merchants were pleased
Act caused deflation, threatening many bankruptcies, but mostly accepted

March 1765
Direct internal tax on 50 items, but still less than British taxes
First attack from the Virginia assembly, Patrick Henry introduced the Virginia Resolves refuting the tax
By the end of 1765 8 other assemblies passed resolutions condemning the Stamp Act
The Massachusetts assembly suggested an inter-colonial meeting, which resulted in the Stamp Act Congress
In Massachusetts the Loyal Nine was founded as a patriot political organisation

October 1765, 27 delegates from 9 colonies met at the Stamp Tax Congress and attacked it
Rioting throughout the colonies, in Boston effigies of a stamp collector and Lord Bute hung from the liberty tree
Houses of British officials attacked, stamp collectors resigned
British troops could not respond due to patrolling Proclamation Line

Established as a secret society after the Stamp Act
Membership included the elite, small merchants and artisans
In October 1765 they appealed for the boycott of British goods, which spread in the colonies
Revived after Townshend duties
Controlled Boston in 1768
Turned the death of the Boston boy into a demonstration

Rockingham takes office in 1765, faces pressure from merchants concerned with the loss of trade, shows Sons of Liberty boycott is working
Repeal introduced March 1766
Declaratory Act released on the same day
This made clear that Parliament had not abandoned its right to legislate
It asserted that the colonies were subordinate to the Crown and Parliament
It stated Parliament had full authority to make laws in the colonies
Colonists now knew they had power

Pitt appointed PM in 1766
Chancellor of the Exchequer Townshend introduced duties
This was to pay 400k for the army in America
External taxes on wine, paint, china, tea, glass and paper in June 1767
External tax, so colonists objection to internal tax doesn't apply
Colonists couldn't produce most of the items imported, so they were forced to pay

1765, required colonies to provide soldiers with food and housing
When 1500 British soldiers arrived in 1766 New York refused them
Led to New York restraining Act 1767, suspending New York assembly
New York forced to comply with the Act

1768 John Dickinson 'Letters of a Pennsylvania Farmer'
Massachusetts circular letter sent out in 1768, fighting against all taxes, not just internal
Sons of liberty revived
Boston boycotted Britain, led to all colonies but New Hampshire boycotting by 1769
Those who did not comply were tarred and feathered

The American Board of Customs Commissioners was established in Boston in 1767
The warship HMS Romney seized the Liberty, a vessel which belonged to a leading member of the Sons of Liberty, John Hancock
Summer of 1768 Boston was controlled by the Sons of Liberty
New secretary of state for colonial affairs, Hillsborough, ordered the circular letter be rescinded, and shut down Massachusetts assembly
Boston governor requested British troops to deal with the resistance this caused
October 1768 4000 more troops arrived
Troops worked for wages, undercutting colonist workers, and got stories spread against them in colonist publications

February 1770 an 11 year old boy killed during riots
Funeral in March, turned into a demonstration
British troops guarding the customs house attacked by colonists
A soldier was seized
Troops opened fire when trying to rescue him, killing 5

Lord North comes to power in 1770
Townshend duties repealed except on tea, Hillsborough replaced
New York abandoned no imports policy
1773 Tea Act introduced
Allowed East India Company to export cheap tea in order to avoid bankruptcy
Undercut American tea merchants

November 1773
60 Sons of Liberty boarded East India Company ships, threw 10k worth of tea into the harbour
Navy did not respond, in fear of escalation

Published in June 1774, stated that the port of Boston was to be closed until tea was paid for
Massachusettes charter revised, governor power increased
Murder trials transferred to England
New Quartering Act allowing the military to house troops in private homes
General Gage became governor of Massachusetts

June 1774, same time as Intolerable Acts
Control of French Canada in the hands of an unelected royal governor
Quebec boundary extended to Ohio and Mississippi rivers
French civil law retained, limiting trial by jury
Prevented Westward expansion

Other colonies rallied behind Massachusetts
Thomas Paine 'Common Sense' in 1776 sold 100k copies, most of any book in American history
Samuel Adams roused up mob violence, August 1774 5000 people in Massachusetts

Part of the Loyal Nine
United gangs in Boston against the Stamp Act
Led attacks on British officials
Formed Sons of Liberty, who maintained political consciousness after repeal
Crucial role in the sending of the circular letter
1771 called a Boston town meeting, created a committee of correspondance to inform Massachusetts of colonial grievances, instrumental in setting up the first continental congress
These committees spread through the colonies
Planned and directed Boston Tea Party

Letters from a Pennsylvania Farmer published in 1768 opposing Townshend Duties
Literacy and education was high in America, so appealed to many people
Used as theoretical justification for Samuel Adams' action

1774 'A summary view of the rights of British America,' influential publication
His works gave the indication that colonists were willing to sever their ties with Britain

'Common Sense' published 1776
More impact than any other pamphlet published at this time
Convinced many to break ties with Britain to stop abuse of liberties

Focus on reestablishing British authority
North won an election in October 1774, began recruiting foreign mercenaries for an expedition to America
Prohibitory Act 1775 halted trade with colonies
George III seen as declaring independence from the colonies

Colonial committees took on functions of local government
British authority broke down by 1775
Britain fortified Boston
Rush in the colonies to gather arms from European and West Indies merchants
Gage sent a sea expedition to seize a depot at Salem
By Springtime there were 14000 armed men in Massachusetts

April 1775, 700 troops marched on Concord to take the arms depot
It was believed a large cannon was there, that could bombard Boston
Paul Revere rode to warn of British approach
British troops blocked by colonial militia, killed 8, then retreated and lost 70 men to sniping
Led to the besiegement of Boston by 20000 militia

June 1775, General Howe attacked Brede's Hill
British lost over 200 men, colonists able to resist the attack
British evacuated from Boston in March 1776
Congress ordered an expedition to Canada, and the continental army was formed

Formed in June 1775 - 14000 men at the siege of Boston
Navy created in October
Privateers authorised
George Washington commander in chief
1776
Benedict Arnold took Fort Ticonderoga
Expedition to Canada took Montreal and besieged Quebec

50k loyalists had volunteered to fight for the crown, could not be abandoned
Britain was confident, had an army of 48k trained
Britain wanted to avoid warfare with Native Americans
Navy allowed Britain to move troops on coastlines and rivers
Colonists could not surrender, as there was no guarantee Britain would not raise taxes again

September 1774
12/13 colonies sent representatives, Georgia refused
Georgia wanted British help against Native Americans
Congress ordered a Continental Association to create an economic embargo if Coercive acts were not removed
Petition sent to the king, but it was ignored
Suffolk resolves, proposed an independent colonial government until Britain accepted repeal but the resolves were not accepted
George III condemned the actions in Massachusetts in Parliament
First Congress dissolved

May 1775
Fighting already began
Olive branch petition given, but rejected by the king
Some delegates forbidden from supporting independence
Loss of colonial governors meant vacuum needed to be filled
Continental army created
Governors are fleeing at this point
Printing of 2 million dollars money authorised

John Adams' 'Thoughts on Government' April 1776, blueprint for future national government
June 1776 first draft created
July approved by Congress
They cut out the claim that the British were responsible for introducing slavery, out of fear of angering Southern slave owners

Britain dispatched 100 ships and 32000 men under Howe
Washington had 12000 amateur soldiers
British landed in New York, chased Washington from Staten Island, then from Brooklyn
Washington lucky escape at East River due to fog, with 9000 troops 'you could scarcely discern a man at 6 yards'
Washington chased all the way across the Delaware river

British general in Canada
Failed to capture Ticonderoga due to Arnold's gunboats delaying him
Annoyed at Burgoyne getting the Saratoga campaign, asked to be recalled

Howe left a force of German mercenaries at Trenton, and turned in for the Winter
Washington crossed the Delaware on Christmas, taking the Germans by surprise and capturing Trenton
General Cornwallis sent to stop them, but Washington went around him and took Princeton

Howe captures Philadelphia from the sea in September
Washington fails to attack Howe at Brandywine and Germantown afterwards
Burgoyne takes Fort Ticonderoga
Burgoyne pushes south, hoping the force in New York would help him, but they were commanded to reinforce Howe instead
Carleton remained in Canada
Burgoyne forced to surrender to Horatio Gates at Saratoga in October
5000 British prisoners taken to Boston
Inspired France to enter the war in 1778

Rescinded tax laws, and offered Congress representation as part of a peace treaty in 1778
Created after Saratoga
Refused by Congress, and independence demanded instead

Valley Forge - 20 miles from Howe's army
Washington received training from a Prussian
No longera attempted to engage the British in open combat
British swap Howe for Clinton
Clinton abandons Philadelphia for New York
Battle of Monmouth - Charles Lee's retreat order allows Clinton to regroup and take New York
Fighting lines back to where they had begun
Southern campaign began

Clinton sent large forces to Florida and the West Indies
Used the navy to invade Georgia
Took Savannah in December 1778, moved British forces into South Carolina
Charleston taken in 1780
Gates defeated in South Carolina by Cornwallis

France enters the war 1778, spurred on by Saratoga, as they had been wary before
Spain enters 1779
Britain also faces hostility from Holland
France tries to retake Savannah in 1778, but is resisted
Largest battle of the war at Gibraltar in 1779
Rochambeau assisted at Yorktown
By Yorktown only 1/3 of British troops actually fighting in the American mainland
French failed to take Gibraltar or any Indian territory
French navy defeated at the Battle of the Saints in the West Indies 1782
Spain provides 500k silver pesos

June 1781
Washington gives the impression he was going to invade New York
French supply 3000 troops, total 16000 against 7000 under Cornwallis
British naval forces tied up in the West Indies, French ships unopposed
Washington's force brought down the Chesapeake river
Cornwallis surrenders, the war ends, and North resigns

1781 Pennsylvania Line mutiny
2 ringleaders executed
Washington needed support of individual state authorities
Early members of the army left after the end of their terms of service
Benedict Arnold was a traitor 1780
Congress tried to replace Washington in 1777

Held together an army without pay, clothing or food
French support was mainly focused on the West Indies
Manoeuvring armies let him escape early destruction
Failed attack on Germantown 1777 still inspired hope in colonists
Began to no longer engage British forces in open combat after 1777

Independence accepted in July 1782 by Shelburne
No political will in Britain to maintain the campaign
Decisive victory was impossible, even though Saratoga and Yorktown both did not mean overal defeat

Began in April 1782
Splits between the French and colonists meant that the colonists negotiated with the British
Colonies gained all territory east of the Mississippi
All prisoners returned
Loyalists allowed to recover lost property
Spain gained Menorca, but nothing else
France gained Tobago and Senegal, and gave back captured British lands
Dutch were given back captured land, but had to open Asian trade to the British
Treaty ratified in 1784

Loyalists fled to Canada
Debts honoured, America owes 11 million livres to France
Southern boundary between America and Spain not fully outlined
Britain had much lesser losses than they could've had
Treaty resisted at home, and Shelburne resigned

Newburgh
March 1783
Soldiers upset at not receiving their pay after the war
Almost formed a coup
Convinced to stand down by Washington, after he made an emotional speech
Pennsylvania
1783
Soldiers threatened Congress in Philadelphia, as they were owed money
Dispersed by 1500 troops

Lack of unity
Desire for liberty
Debt
Expansion
Slavery

£11 million by 1787
Restriction on trade, due to lack of specie
Each state had its own currency, and could print it at will, causing inflation

Poorer
Wanted as much money to be printed as possible to devalue their debts
Debtors were majority, voted in assemblies under the AOC
Opposed the constitution due to fear that debtor relief would be blocked

Richer
Wanted less money printed, so their investments weren't devalued
Forced to accept money that was overprinted during Shays rebellion

1786
Proposals to issue paper money in Massachusetts were rejected (bad for debtors)
Illegal meetings set up, farmers who faced losing their lands due to debts
Army veterans who were still owed wages led protests
In Hampshire 1500 armed farmers prevented court proceedings
Great Barrington debtors released from jail, militia sided with them
Shays organised 1500 protestors and marched on the federal armory
Wealthy merchants paid for an army, 1200, to crush the rebellion, killed 4

2 million population in 1783, rapid growth
Proclamation line 1763 had prevented expansion, so settlers wanted more land now
Conflicts with Spain and Native Americans caused
A strong central government was needed to regulate this

1785 Land Ordinance divided western territories into thousands of townships
1786 Congress declared NA lands only could be taken by legitimate conquest or purchase
1787 Northwest Ordinance established that when an area had 5000 population it became a territory, and at 60000 became a state
Also forbade slavery north of the Ohio river, but fugitive slaves were allowed to be pursued, good for the South

Written in 1777
Declared functions of the national government after separation from Britain
Limited central government power, due to fears of tyranny
Unable to raise an army against Shays rebellion
Each state had one vote, regardless of population
Gave debtors too much relief
No way to levy taxes
However, ordinances showed Western expansion could be regulated

Manufacturers needed a tariff against European goods, Congress could not get unanimous agreement as Rhode Island blocked the proposal
Creditors needed inflation reduced, abolish individual state currencies and prevent the issuing of paper money not backed by specie
Slaveowners wanted a means to return runaways
Debt £11 million by 1787
Britain still had control over West Indies trade, Congress could not decide on trade policy, individual states had tariffs
Merchants unable to sell products

Westward speculators needed federal support and protection, as well as a policy to remove Native Americans
Slaveowners needed protection against revolts
Shay's rebellion 1787, Congress unable to raise army, no military protection, dealt with by merchant funds

Annapolis convention, most states reluctant to send delegates, Congress approves a Grand Convention, May 1787
55 delegates, only Rhode Island refused
Washington Chairman
One vote per state

Written by Madison
Written in 1789
Ratified in 1791
Created to appease anti-federalists, and to get the Constitution ratified
Comprised the first 10 amendments, upheld personal freedom

40% of Georgia, North, and South Carolina's population was slaves
If slavery was abolished, the constitution would never be ratified
Slavery was not mentioned directly
3/5s compromise
Slave trade abolished, but not till 1808
Slave owners could recapture slaves in any territory
Appeased south, but annoyed some states, Rhode Island main reason for not ratification was slavery still existing

Office of president created, chooses his own cabinet, commands the armed forces
Houses of Congress had power to legislate over large area
States could not disregard laws passed by Congress
However, Supreme court outrule both Congress and President
Congress laws have to be approved by the president
Presidential nominees have to be approved by Congress
All treaties passed with foreign powers had to be ratified by Congress
Presidents could be impeached by Congress

Could not make laws conflicting constitution or congressional laws
Contribution to federal budget based on population size
Laws passed by congress affect all states
Presidential elections based on an electoral college

Led to no conflict
Mostly compromises
Govt power addressed
Shared sovereignty between states and the government, weakening proposal for congress to nullify state laws
Ratified in 1789

Opposition from the elites based on how effective the Constitution was in restraining tyranny
Opposition from those who feared that debtor relief would be blocked
Opposition from those who feared taxes being raised
Rhode Island did not ratify until 1790

More educated and influential writers supporting the constitution
Washington backed the Constitution, which convinced many to accept it
The Federalist papers were very influential among educated Americans
The anti-federalists did not present one clear alternative
Compromises, such as the 3/5 compromise, convinced a lot of states
There was little mob activity, except for in Philadelphia

Secretary of Treasury in 1789
Published Federalist papers, helped ratify Constitution
Reports on Public Credit, 1790 and 1791
Report on a National Bank 1790
Report on Manufacturers 1791 - encouraged manufacturing, using tariffs and subsidies - Not passed by congress

First report 1790
Funding of entire domestic and foreign debt ($56 million) Federal assumption of State war debts ($21 million)
No opposition to repayment of foreign debt
Proposal for domestic debt was attacked by the South, as all debt was held by Northern speculators
Both proposals accepted by Congress
State debt assumption faced greater opposition, Southern states having already paid their debts
Rejected by Congress
Compromise, allowances made for States who had settled debts, and movement of the capital to the South
Passed in 1790

1791
First report caused US national debt to reach $80 million 80% of federal expenditure on debt Introduced more taxes, including on whiskey, as well as issuing bonds to service the debt Passed by Congress

1790
Planned to create a national bank
Capital of $10 million Facilitate the collection of taxes Curb issuing of paper money by state banks Faced opposition, Madison saw it as against Constitutional power Written into law by Washington Opened in 1791, contributed massively to economic development

1794
Farmers object to a tax on liquor
Washington authorises dispersion with 13000 militiamen

1792 National Mint
1792 Tariff established on imported goods
Federal aid given to manufacturing industry
'Hamilton worked to ensure that Congress enacted virtually every tariff recommendation in the report within 5 months of its delivery' - even though the report on manufacturing failed

Lead by Hamilton
Pro Constitution
Published Federalist papers in 1787-8
Became the federalist party in 1789

Lead by Madison and Jefferson
Anti-Constitution
Wrote anti-federalist papers 1787, but less effective as they did not present a clear alternative
Became the Democratic Republican party in 1792
Established National Gazette in 1791

1789
Activities of French revolutionaries stirred up anti-British sentiment, and attempts to equip ships to attack the British
Washington did not want a war against Britain, or a revolution in the USA
Hamilton wanted to maintain economic ties with Britain
In 1793, Washington declared neutrality, this angered Jefferson and the Anti-Federalists, who believed they had a treaty with France

Federalist party established 1789
Faced no opposition
Democratic-Republican party established 1792
Hamilton's 1st and 2nd reports on public credit caused resistance
Jefferson and Madison established the National Gazette in 1791
Washington's treaty of neutrality to the French revolution further increased divides

Britain still occupied some of the Northwestern territory after 1783
The USA had to accept British restrictions on US trade, especially with the West Indies
During the French revolutionary war there was British seizure of American ships for trading with the French West Indies

Treaty of Paris had established the frontier with Spanish territories in Florida and Louisiana
The Spanish had not accepted the boundaries and there were disputes
Spain stirred up hostility from the Native Americans against US settlers
Solved issues with Pinckney's treaty
Blocked trade on the Mississippi

1795
The British evacuated all of the forts in the Northwest territory
Britain also paid compensation for American ships and cargo they had taken
The US had to not trade with France in food or war supplies or with French colonies
French privateers were not allowed to be fitted in US ports
Britain refused to pay compensation for freed slaves during the revolutionary war
Britain refused to open trade with the British West Indies to US merchants
Created view of US betraying France, wave of anti-British sentiment - very unpopular
Many in the South were opposed due to the lack of compensation for slaves

1795
Established a boundary between Spanish Florida and the new US territories west of Georgia as the 31st parallel
Spain allowed the US to access the Mississippi and not charge tolls on US goods to New Orleans
Both sides agreed not to use Native Americans against each other
Faced little opposition, overall very popular