1What is attention according to William James?
- A type of priming that prepares for expected stimuli but has costs if the expectation is incorrect.
- The inability to detect changes in a scene despite directly looking at it, often due to focusing on other aspects.
- The taking possession by the mind in clear and vivid form of one out of several possible objects or trains of thought, implying withdrawal from some things to deal effectively with others.
- It slows down response time when the cue is misleading because attention is a limited-capacity system.
2What are the two key aspects of attention emphasized by James?
- The failure to see a prominent stimulus even when looking directly at it.
- Repetition priming (stimulus-driven, requires no effort) and expectation-driven priming (effortful and deliberate).
- A type of priming that prepares for expected stimuli but has costs if the expectation is incorrect.
- Suppression of unattended information and selection of some information for enhanced perception or mental operations.
3How do different people define attention?
- Only the attended input is analyzed and perceived, while unattended information receives little or no analysis and is never perceived.
- A type of priming that prepares for expected stimuli but has costs if the expectation is incorrect.
- The inability to detect changes in a scene despite directly looking at it, often due to focusing on other aspects.
- As an aroused state, maintaining engagement, vigilance, or selective attention.
4What is selective attention?
- A severe attentional disorder where individuals only experience or attend to one side of their visual field, usually due to parietal lobe damage.
- Performing two or more tasks simultaneously, also known as multi-tasking.
- The failure to see a prominent stimulus even when looking directly at it.
- Focusing on one object or location while tuning out other information.
5What is divided attention?
- Focusing on one object or location while tuning out other information.
- Performing two or more tasks simultaneously, also known as multi-tasking.
- The failure to see a prominent stimulus even when looking directly at it.
- A severe attentional disorder where individuals only experience or attend to one side of their visual field, usually due to parietal lobe damage.
6What are the two types of attention control?
- Unattended words in dichotic listening tasks can influence the interpretation of ambiguous sentences, suggesting processing occurs at the meaning level.
- Early selection hypothesis (selection happens before perception) and late selection hypothesis (all inputs are processed, but only some reach consciousness).
- Controlled (choosing to focus) and automatic (being distracted by external stimuli).
- Repetition priming (stimulus-driven, requires no effort) and expectation-driven priming (effortful and deliberate).
7Why is attention considered a limited-capacity system?
- It slows down response time when the cue is misleading because attention is a limited-capacity system.
- Unattended words in dichotic listening tasks can influence the interpretation of ambiguous sentences, suggesting processing occurs at the meaning level.
- It requires mental effort, even when automatic, and has limits that can be studied through experiments.
- All inputs are analyzed, and selection occurs after analysis based on goals, with only attended input reaching consciousness.
8What is unilateral neglect syndrome?
- Only the attended input is analyzed and perceived, while unattended information receives little or no analysis and is never perceived.
- It slows down response time when the cue is misleading because attention is a limited-capacity system.
- The inability to detect changes in a scene despite directly looking at it, often due to focusing on other aspects.
- A severe attentional disorder where individuals only experience or attend to one side of their visual field, usually due to parietal lobe damage.
9What is the cocktail party effect?
- It slows down response time when the cue is misleading because attention is a limited-capacity system.
- The ability to notice personally significant information from an unattended source, such as hearing your own name in a noisy room.
- The inability to detect changes in a scene despite directly looking at it, often due to focusing on other aspects.
- Only the attended input is analyzed and perceived, while unattended information receives little or no analysis and is never perceived.
10What are the two main hypotheses about where selection occurs in attention?
- All inputs are analyzed, and selection occurs after analysis based on goals, with only attended input reaching consciousness.
- Unattended words in dichotic listening tasks can influence the interpretation of ambiguous sentences, suggesting processing occurs at the meaning level.
- Early selection hypothesis (selection happens before perception) and late selection hypothesis (all inputs are processed, but only some reach consciousness).
- Only the attended input is analyzed and perceived, while unattended information receives little or no analysis and is never perceived.
11What does the early selection hypothesis propose?
- Unattended words in dichotic listening tasks can influence the interpretation of ambiguous sentences, suggesting processing occurs at the meaning level.
- Only the attended input is analyzed and perceived, while unattended information receives little or no analysis and is never perceived.
- A severe attentional disorder where individuals only experience or attend to one side of their visual field, usually due to parietal lobe damage.
- The inability to detect changes in a scene despite directly looking at it, often due to focusing on other aspects.
12What does the late selection hypothesis propose?
- The inability to detect changes in a scene despite directly looking at it, often due to focusing on other aspects.
- All inputs are analyzed, and selection occurs after analysis based on goals, with only attended input reaching consciousness.
- A severe attentional disorder where individuals only experience or attend to one side of their visual field, usually due to parietal lobe damage.
- Only the attended input is analyzed and perceived, while unattended information receives little or no analysis and is never perceived.
13What evidence supports the early selection hypothesis?
- Unattended words in dichotic listening tasks can influence the interpretation of ambiguous sentences, suggesting processing occurs at the meaning level.
- A severe attentional disorder where individuals only experience or attend to one side of their visual field, usually due to parietal lobe damage.
- It requires mental effort, even when automatic, and has limits that can be studied through experiments.
- Dichotic listening tasks and EEG studies show different brain activity for attended and unattended inputs within 80 ms.
14What evidence supports the late selection hypothesis?
- Dichotic listening tasks and EEG studies show different brain activity for attended and unattended inputs within 80 ms.
- It requires mental effort, even when automatic, and has limits that can be studied through experiments.
- As an aroused state, maintaining engagement, vigilance, or selective attention.
- Unattended words in dichotic listening tasks can influence the interpretation of ambiguous sentences, suggesting processing occurs at the meaning level.
15What is inattentional blindness?
- The inability to detect changes in a scene despite directly looking at it, often due to focusing on other aspects.
- The failure to see a prominent stimulus even when looking directly at it.
- Only the attended input is analyzed and perceived, while unattended information receives little or no analysis and is never perceived.
- All inputs are analyzed, and selection occurs after analysis based on goals, with only attended input reaching consciousness.
16What is change blindness?
- The failure to see a prominent stimulus even when looking directly at it.
- The inability to detect changes in a scene despite directly looking at it, often due to focusing on other aspects.
- As an aroused state, maintaining engagement, vigilance, or selective attention.
- Only the attended input is analyzed and perceived, while unattended information receives little or no analysis and is never perceived.
17What question does inattentional blindness raise about perception?
- Repetition priming (stimulus-driven, requires no effort) and expectation-driven priming (effortful and deliberate).
- Early selection hypothesis (selection happens before perception) and late selection hypothesis (all inputs are processed, but only some reach consciousness).
- Unattended words in dichotic listening tasks can influence the interpretation of ambiguous sentences, suggesting processing occurs at the meaning level.
- Whether failures occur because the stimulus was not perceived (early selection) or because it was not encoded into memory (late selection).
18How do people filter unattended inputs?
- Only the attended input is analyzed and perceived, while unattended information receives little or no analysis and is never perceived.
- Unattended words in dichotic listening tasks can influence the interpretation of ambiguous sentences, suggesting processing occurs at the meaning level.
- Repetition priming (stimulus-driven, requires no effort) and expectation-driven priming (effortful and deliberate).
- They prioritize processing desired stimuli while shielding from distractors, but important information can still get through.
19What are the two types of priming in attention?
- Repetition priming (stimulus-driven, requires no effort) and expectation-driven priming (effortful and deliberate).
- Focusing on one object or location while tuning out other information.
- The ability to notice personally significant information from an unattended source, such as hearing your own name in a noisy room.
- Only the attended input is analyzed and perceived, while unattended information receives little or no analysis and is never perceived.
20What is expectation-driven priming?
- The ability to notice personally significant information from an unattended source, such as hearing your own name in a noisy room.
- Focusing on one object or location while tuning out other information.
- A type of priming that prepares for expected stimuli but has costs if the expectation is incorrect.
- It requires mental effort, even when automatic, and has limits that can be studied through experiments.
21What is the cost of expectation-based priming?
- Unattended words in dichotic listening tasks can influence the interpretation of ambiguous sentences, suggesting processing occurs at the meaning level.
- The failure to see a prominent stimulus even when looking directly at it.
- It requires mental effort, even when automatic, and has limits that can be studied through experiments.
- It slows down response time when the cue is misleading because attention is a limited-capacity system.
22What are the three main characteristics of attention?
- It requires mental effort, even when automatic, and has limits that can be studied through experiments.
- All inputs are analyzed, and selection occurs after analysis based on goals, with only attended input reaching consciousness.
- Unattended words in dichotic listening tasks can influence the interpretation of ambiguous sentences, suggesting processing occurs at the meaning level.
- Attention is poorly defined, selective, and limited in capacity.