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29 flashcardsby Youssef
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1
What is selective attention?
  • The more similar two tasks are, the greater the interference between them.
  • voluntary and allows individuals to choose where to focus.
  • the ability to focus on specific stimuli while ignoring others.
  • automatic and shifts attention to specific locations or features without conscious control.
2
What is the spotlight theory of attention?
  • With practice, tasks transition from controlled processes to automatic ones.
  • attention works like a searchlight, prioritizing a specific area in the visual field.
  • where a light flashes in the periphery, followed by a target in either the cued or uncued location, shifting attention automatically.
  • Attention is a limited resource, and tasks cannot require more resources than are available.
3
How can we adjust our attention according to the spotlight theory?
  • Some brain sites alert the brain, some orient attention to specific targets, and others enable executive functions.
  • Attention is a limited resource, and tasks cannot require more resources than are available.
  • We can move the spotlight in space, adjust its beamwidth, and even split it to focus on multiple areas.
  • where a light flashes in the periphery, followed by a target in either the cued or uncued location, shifting attention automatically.
4
What factors influence what people attend to?
  • Passengers adjust their conversation based on driving conditions, while phone conversations do not adapt in real time.
  • The more similar two tasks are, the greater the interference between them.
  • Some brain sites alert the brain, some orient attention to specific targets, and others enable executive functions.
  • Interests, importance, goals, visual prominence, beliefs, expectations, and culture.
5
What is the role of brain sites in controlling attention?
  • We can focus on positions in space, objects, features like color and shape, and motion.
  • Some alert the brain, some orient attention to specific targets, and others enable executive functions.
  • Divided attention is the ability to perform multiple tasks simultaneously, though it is limited by cognitive resources.
  • Executive control involves mechanisms that help manage attention, keep goals in mind, organize mental steps, and inhibit automatic responses.
6
What is endogenous control of attention?
  • automatic and shifts attention to specific locations or features without conscious control.
  • voluntary and allows individuals to choose where to focus.
  • facilitates desired input while inhibiting unwanted input.
  • The time difference between the onset of the cue and the onset of the target.
7
What is exogenous control of attention?
  • facilitates desired input while inhibiting unwanted input.
  • automatic and shifts attention to specific locations or features without conscious control.
  • voluntary and allows individuals to choose where to focus.
  • The more similar two tasks are, the greater the interference between them.
8
What is the central cueing paradigm?
  • involves mechanisms that help manage attention, keep goals in mind, organize mental steps, and inhibit automatic responses.
  • A paradigm where a light flashes in the periphery, followed by a target in either the cued or uncued location, shifting attention automatically.
  • The more similar two tasks are, the greater the interference between them.
  • A paradigm where a directional cue (e.g., an arrow) is presented centrally, followed by a target that appears either in the cued or uncued location.
9
What is the peripheral cueing paradigm?
  • people respond faster to targets in cued locations, showing that cues prime attention.
  • A paradigm where a directional cue (e.g., an arrow) is presented centrally, followed by a target that appears either in the cued or uncued location.
  • A paradigm where a light flashes in the periphery, followed by a target in either the cued or uncued location, shifting attention automatically.
  • the advantage of cued locations disappears, causing delayed responses.
10
What is stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA)?
  • We can focus on positions in space, objects, features like color and shape, and motion.
  • The time difference between the onset of the cue and the onset of the target.
  • the advantage of cued locations disappears, causing delayed responses.
  • people respond faster to targets in cued locations, showing that cues prime attention.
11
What is the cueing effect?
  • involves mechanisms that help manage attention, keep goals in mind, organize mental steps, and inhibit automatic responses.
  • the advantage of cued locations disappears, causing delayed responses.
  • people respond faster to targets in cued locations, showing that cues prime attention.
  • strongly connected with working memory, helping maintain focus and manage cognitive resources.
12
What is inhibition of return?
  • people respond faster to targets in cued locations, showing that cues prime attention.
  • the advantage of cued locations disappears, causing delayed responses.
  • involves mechanisms that help manage attention, keep goals in mind, organize mental steps, and inhibit automatic responses.
  • strongly connected with working memory, helping maintain focus and manage cognitive resources.
13
How do endogenous and exogenous shifts of attention differ?
  • Attention is a limited resource, and tasks cannot require more resources than are available.
  • The more similar two tasks are, the greater the interference between them.
  • Practiced tasks require less executive control, allowing more cognitive resources for other tasks.
  • Endogenous shifts are voluntary and slower, while exogenous shifts are rapid and automatic.
14
What are some ways we direct attention?
  • Practiced tasks require less executive control, allowing more cognitive resources for other tasks.
  • We can focus on positions in space, objects, features like color and shape, and motion.
  • The more similar two tasks are, the greater the interference between them.
  • Attention is a limited resource, and tasks cannot require more resources than are available.
15
What is selective attention?
  • facilitates desired input while inhibiting unwanted input.
  • the ability to perform multiple tasks simultaneously, though it is limited by cognitive resources.
  • strongly connected with working memory, helping maintain focus and manage cognitive resources.
  • involves mechanisms that help manage attention, keep goals in mind, organize mental steps, and inhibit automatic responses.
16
What is divided attention?
  • the ability to perform multiple tasks simultaneously, though it is limited by cognitive resources.
  • involves mechanisms that help manage attention, keep goals in mind, organize mental steps, and inhibit automatic responses.
  • facilitates desired input while inhibiting unwanted input.
  • strongly connected with working memory, helping maintain focus and manage cognitive resources.
17
How does task similarity affect multitasking?
  • people respond faster to targets in cued locations, showing that cues prime attention.
  • when practiced tasks require fewer cognitive resources, reducing interference.
  • The more similar two tasks are, the greater the interference between them.
  • the advantage of cued locations disappears, causing delayed responses.
18
What experiment demonstrates task interference in multitasking?
  • where a directional cue (e.g., an arrow) is presented centrally, followed by a target that appears either in the cued or uncued location.
  • where a light flashes in the periphery, followed by a target in either the cued or uncued location, shifting attention automatically.
  • A study where participants shadow a word list showed higher interference when hearing words versus seeing pictures.
  • If two tasks compete for the same resources, interference occurs; if they use different resources, performance improves.
19
How does talking on the phone impair driving?
  • tasks transition from controlled processes to automatic ones.
  • A study where participants shadow a word list showed higher interference when hearing words versus seeing pictures.
  • Driving requires visual and spatial skills, while phone conversations require language skills; despite the lack of overlap, cognitive interference occurs.
  • when practiced tasks require fewer cognitive resources, reducing interference.
20
Why is talking to a passenger less impairing than talking on the phone while driving?
  • the ability to perform multiple tasks simultaneously, though it is limited by cognitive resources.
  • the advantage of cued locations disappears, causing delayed responses.
  • people respond faster to targets in cued locations, showing that cues prime attention.
  • Passengers adjust their conversation based on driving conditions, while phone conversations do not adapt in real time.
21
What is executive control?
  • he ability to perform multiple tasks simultaneously, though it is limited by cognitive resources.
  • the advantage of cued locations disappears, causing delayed responses.
  • mechanisms that help manage attention, keep goals in mind, organize mental steps, and inhibit automatic responses.
  • people respond faster to targets in cued locations, showing that cues prime attention.
22
What is the relationship between executive control and working memory?
  • Executive control is strongly connected with working memory, helping maintain focus and manage cognitive resources.
  • A study where participants shadow a word list showed higher interference when hearing words versus seeing pictures.
  • when practiced tasks require fewer cognitive resources, reducing interference.
  • Driving requires visual and spatial skills, while phone conversations require language skills; despite the lack of overlap, cognitive interference occurs.
23
What happens when two tasks demand the same cognitive resources?
  • If their combined demand exceeds available resources, interference occurs, reducing performance.
  • when practiced tasks require fewer cognitive resources, reducing interference.
  • Driving requires visual and spatial skills, while phone conversations require language skills; despite the lack of overlap, cognitive interference occurs.
  • the ability to focus on specific stimuli while ignoring others.
24
What is automaticity?
  • A study where participants shadow a word list showed higher interference when hearing words versus seeing pictures.
  • tasks transition from controlled processes to automatic ones.
  • when practiced tasks require fewer cognitive resources, reducing interference.
  • The more similar two tasks are, the greater the interference between them.
25
How does practice affect task performance?
  • voluntary and allows individuals to choose where to focus
  • tasks transition from controlled processes to automatic ones.
  • automatic and shifts attention to specific locations or features without conscious control.
  • The more similar two tasks are, the greater the interference between them.
26
Why does practice make multitasking easier?
  • Some resources are task-specific, while others are task-general.
  • require less executive control, allowing more cognitive resources for other tasks.
  • people respond faster to targets in cued locations, showing that cues prime attention.
  • the advantage of cued locations disappears, causing delayed responses.
27
What is the main limitation of attention?
  • the advantage of cued locations disappears, causing delayed responses.
  • Some resources are task-specific, while others are task-general.
  • a limited resource, and tasks cannot require more resources than are available.
  • require less executive control, allowing more cognitive resources for other tasks.
28
What types of cognitive resources exist?
  • the ability to perform multiple tasks simultaneously, though it is limited by cognitive resources.
  • The time difference between the onset of the cue and the onset of the target.
  • Some resources are task-specific, while others are task-general.
  • Passengers adjust their conversation based on driving conditions, while phone conversations do not adapt in real time.
29
How does resource allocation affect multitasking?
  • If two tasks compete for the same resources, interference occurs; if they use different resources, performance improves.
  • the ability to perform multiple tasks simultaneously, though it is limited by cognitive resources.
  • With practice, tasks transition from controlled processes to automatic ones.
  • If their combined demand exceeds available resources, interference occurs, reducing performance.
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