Exam One

the study of life

atoms, molecules, macromolecules, organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organisms, populations, communities, ecosystems, and biosphere

change in the characteristics of a species over several generations

domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species

bacteria, archaea, and eukarya

bacteria, archaea, protista, fungi, plantae, and animalia

genus and species name (when writing, the genus and species name should be italicized and the genus should be capitalized; someimes may include the subspecies name; can also be written with the genus initialled)

knowledge about the natural world

make an observation, ask a question, form a hypothesis, make a prediction, do an experiment, analyze results, report results

general accepted explanation for something

educated guess that should be falsifiable (can be tested)

typically conveyed as a mathematical formula; explains how things behave due to certain situations

conducting studies and researching to gain fundamental knowledge about something

using fundamental knowledge to solve actual problems and attain a goal

building blocks that can’t be broken down chemically (about 20 are found in living things)

smallest unit of matter and smallest component of an element; makes up everything

a variation of an element that has the same atomic number but different mass number because it has a different number of neutrons

protons, neutrons, and electrons

carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, and phosphorus

the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom

the total mass of particle matter in an atom (masses of protons, neutrons, and electrons in an atoms added together)

bands surrounding an atom (the first shell holds two electrons; the second and third shells hold eight electrons each)

atoms prefer to have eight electrons in their shells to be stable

an atom or group of atoms that carry a positive or negative electric charge as a result of gaining or losing electrons

compound, ionic, and hydrogen

a chemical bond between atoms that involves sharing electons

a bond formed by the complete transfer of one electron to an atom from another atom; the bond is held together through charge differences

negativly charged elements

positively charged elements

a weak bond formed between two atoms that are already chemically bonded to other atoms (a hydogen atom is attracted to an electronegative atom)

covalent

hydrogen

an unequally shared electrons; two poles

equally shared electrons

will not mix with water (“fear of water”)

mixes with water

a solution with a ph lower than seven (increases hydrogen)

the number of hydrogen ions in a solution; determined using a scale

a substance that can accept hydrogen ions in water and neutralize an acid

chemical solution that resists changes in ph and controls ph levels

methane

a reaction in which molecules are built when subunits are bound together; produces water

a reaction that costs water and results in the breakdown of one molecule into two molecules

sugar molecules that can be classified as monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides

insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents

a molecule consisting of amino acids (polypeptides)

ling molecule made up of nucleotides (dna and rna)

a type of lipid found in blood that acts as long term storage (consists of three fatty acids and one molecule of glycerol)

when there are no double bonds between carbon atoms, it is called a saturated fatty acid (the carbon chain is "saturated" with hydrogen atoms). if there is one double bond between carbon atoms, it is called a monounsaturated fatty acid, and if there are 2 or more double bonds it is called polyunsaturated fatty acid.

lipids that are made up of two fatty acids and a phosphate group (are found in the cell membranes of every cell in every animal)

a chemical compound containing both polar (water-soluble) and nonpolar (not water-soluble) portions in its structure

generally have a four ring structure (carbon rings)

molecules that form proteins when combined

central carbon

one nitrogen bonded with two hydrogens with a single covalent bond

a combination of two functional groups attached to a single carbon atom

a natural gaseous element with an atomic number of 1

any group in which a carbon or hydrogen atom is attached to the rest of the molecule

primary, secondary, tertiary, and quarternary

the molecule that carries genetic information for the development and function of an organism

a linear molecule composed of four types of smaller molecules called ribonucleotide bases: adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and uracil (U)

the basic building block of nucleic acids

the term used to describe the physical structure of dna (two linked strands that wind around each other to resemble a twisted ladder in a helix-like shape)

any organism that lacks a distinct nucleus and other organelles due to the absence of internal membranes

organisms whose cells contain a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles

- light microscopes: dissecting and compound microscope
- electron microscopes: scanning and transmission microscopes

plasma membrane, cytoplasm, dna, and ribosomes

the gelatinous liquid that fills the inside of a cell

plays a role in structure and movement; has three components (active/micro filaments, intermediate filaments, microtubules)

a group of membranes and organelles in eukaryotic cells that works together to modify, package, and transport lipids and proteins

the membrane-enclosed organelle within a cell that contains the chromosomes

a network of membranes inside a cell through which proteins and other molecules move

functions as a factory in which proteins received from the e.r. are further processed and sorted for transport to their eventual destinations

a membrane-bound cell organelle that contains digestive enzymes

delivery trucks of the cell

large and membrane bound; act as storage in a cell; central in plant cells and assist digestion

structure made of both rna and protein (the site of protein synthesis in the cell); reads genetic code

generate most of the chemical energy needed to power the cell's biochemical reactions

organelles that contain enzymes involved in a variety of metabolic reactions, including several aspects of energy metabolism (helps break down lipids)

both have a nucleus, mitochondria, cell membrane, cytoplasm, golgi apparatus, e.r., and ribosomes

many small vacuoles, nucleus at the center of the cell, centrioles near the nucleus, lysosomes, irregular cell shape

cell wall, chloroplasts, a large central vacuole, nucleus pushed to one side of the cell, definite cell shape

plant cell organelles that convert light energy into relatively stable chemical energy via the photosynthetic process

the connections between cells

separates the interior of the cell from the outside environment; consists of a semipermeable lipid bilayer; regulates the transport of materials in and out of the cell

an energy-driven process where membrane proteins transport molecules across cells; requires energy to move substances against a concentration or electrical gradient

a type of membrane transport that does not require energy to move substances across cell membranes

the chemical reactions in the body's cells that change food into energy

a measurement of disorder

a form of energy that an object or a particle has by reason of its motion

stored energy that can be used to do work

a measure of energy that is available to do work

a biological catalyst that is almost always a protein

control of the rate of a reaction catalyzed by an enzyme by some effector or by alteration of some condition

the source of energy for use and storage at the cellular level

aerobic process require air/ oxygen and are regulated by atp, adp, and nadh

the process in which glucose is broken down to produce energy; it produces two molecules of pyruvate, atp, nadh and water; the process takes place in the cytoplasm of a cell and does not require oxygen

begins in the mitochondria; acetyl-coh is converted into atp, nadh, fadh2, and carbon dioxide

process by which atp is formed as a result of the transfer of electrons from nadh and fadh₂ to o₂ by a series of electron carriers

a metabolic process in which an organism converts a carbohydrate into an alcohol or an acid; does not require oxygen; recycles nadh into nad+

cellular respiration that does not use oxygen to produce energy

an organism that can produce its own food using light, water, carbon dioxide, or other chemicals

an organism that does not have the ability to chemically produce its own food; relies on autotroph for food

the process by which plants and certain other organisms transform light energy into chemical energy

a reaction that involves photosystems> photosystem ll comes first and produces atp> water is concerted to oxygen> the atp is donated to photosystem l and nadph is made

begins in the chloroplast; carbon atoms from are fixed (incorporated into organic molecules) and used to build three carbon sugars; this process is dependent on atp and nadph from the light reactions

begins in the mitochondria; process that pumps out hydrogenions; nadh donates electrons resulting in nad+; oxygen converts into water; produces atp