UNIT 2 PATHFIT

is the position of the body when it is standing straight up, palms facing front, with both arms hanging by its sides. Feet are flat on the ground and looking forward.

the five sections of the body.

The body is also divided by three imaginary planes known as the

runs horizontally and separates the body into a top and a bottom half

the other term for Transverse Plane

runs vertically, separating the body into a front and a back half

the other term for Frontal Plane

runs vertically and divides the body into right and left portions

the other term for Sagittal Plane

to understand movements, we must be conscious of three things:

During ______, the leg moves backwards (posteriorly)

the term for Flexion

During _______, the leg moves forwards (anteriorly).

the other term for extension

are exaggerated movements beyond the normal limit permitted by a joint. It can happen in limbs or the vertebral column and can result in ligament tear, damage, or dislocations.

is swinging towards the center

movements are swinging away

During ________, you are moving your arm/leg away from the median plane

During _________, you are moving them towards the median plane

can occur within the vertebral column, at a pivot joint, or at a ball-and-socket joint

This specialized movement can happen in the scapula, or the triangular bone and upper back

During _________, the scapula moves directly downwards

During _________, the scapula moves directly upwards.

The facing down of the palm is the indicator of this forearm movement

The facing up of the palm is the indicator of this forearm movement

It is facilitated by a rotational movement in the radioulnar articulation at the elbow joint

This movement is applicable mostly to the trunk. It is a bending movement (flexion) to the side (lateral) of the torso, observable in the front view

is a special type of movement that is actually a combination of many other ones

is restricted to ball-and-socket type joints, such as the shoulder and the hip

The antagonistic movements of ______________________ take place relative to the median place and are specific to the foot

In ________, the plantar side of the foot is moved away from the median plane so that it is turned laterally

In _________, the plantar side is moved towards the median plane, resulting in a medial turn

are terms used to describe movements at the ankle

the dorsum

the sole

refers to flexion at the ankle, so that the foot points more superiorly

refers extension at the ankle, so that the foot points inferiorly

A pair of movements that are limited to humans and some great apes, these terms apply to the additional movements that the hand and thumb can perform in these species

brings the thumb and little finger together.

is a movement that moves the thumb and the little finger away from each other, effectively reversing opposition

are used when referring to parts of the body which are toward an end of the body

structures are toward the head

structures are toward the feet

the other term for superior

the other term for inferior

are sometimes used in place of anterior and posterior, respectively

_________ means the back side or upper side

__________ means the frontal or lower side

are sometimes used in place of superior and inferior, respectively

refers to the side of the structure facing up in the standard anatomical position

refers to the side of the structure facing down in the standard anatomical position

is used to describe anything closer to the sides of the body (toward the arms, in the standard anatomical position)

is used to describe anything toward the middle of the body. In general, many structures of the human body are bilateral and symmetrical with the middle of the body, such as the lungs or the arms

refers to structures closer to the interior center of the body. For example, bones in an appendage are located deeper than the muscles.

is used to describe structures that are closer to the exterior surface of the body. For example, the outer layers of skin are superficial to deeper layers of skin

Skin is ______ to the Ribs

Ribs is _______ to the Lungs

Lungs is _______ to the Ribs

Ribs is ______ to the Skin

refers to a point farther away

refers to a point closer to the reference point