Midterm 1

Ask a question

Make an observation

Create a hypothesis

Test the hypothesis

Collect data from the experiments

Analyze the results

Draw conclusions from the data collected

Testable and falsifiable

Ray-finned fish

What is systematically changed in an experiment

The observed change in an experiment

Having a probability less than 0.05

Study size, model system, replications, and funding source

A consistent relationship between two variables that does not prove causation

Descent with modification

The organism would be preserved largely in its original state

A quick burial in sediment or volcanic eruption, then the hard parts of the body have minerals deposited within them or replace them completely

A quick burial in sediment or volcanic eruption, then soft mud around the organism hardens and the organism decays within the rock

Determining the age of a fossil via the surrounding rocks or fossils of a known age

Determining the age of a fossil via the radioactive isotopes within the fossil or rock

A similarity due to a common ancestor

A variant of an element which differs from other isotopes in the number of neutrons

Cells are the fundamental units of life, all living organisms are composed of cells, and all cells come from existing cells

Cell membrane, chromosomes carrying genes made of DNA, ribosomes that make proteins encoded by the DNA directed by RNA, and cytoplasm

Free-floating DNA and a cell wall made of peptidoglycan

Eukaryotic cells

They contain organelles, are larger compared to bacteria or archaea, and have membrane-bound nucleus

Functionally similar structures that have independent origins

A feature shared by two or more species that was inherited from a common ancestor

Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya

Domain -> Kingdom -> Phylum -> Class -> Order -> Family -> Genus -> Species

Root

Node

Branch

A trait that was present in the ancestor of a group relative to said group

A trait found in a descendants that differ from the ancestral trait relative to a group

An organism that obtains nutrients by ingesting other organisms

Multicellular eukaryotes, heterotrophs, no cell wall, reproduce sexually, and have the capacity for movement

Invertebrates; highly diverse and make up 95% of animals

Vertebrates; chordates

Deuterostomes that don't posses a hinged jaw and have supportive notochords; lamprey and hagfish

Jawed fish that have cartilage skeletons and no bones; sharks and rays

Jawed fish that have lungs (or lung derivatives) and bones; most abundant vertebrate group

Jawed fish that have lungs (or lung derivatives) and muscular fins supported by stout bones

Tetrapods with a terrestrially adapted egg; includes reptiles and birds

Mammals that lay shelled eggs but nurse young with milk

Mammals that carry and feed young in a ventral pouch

Mammals that have placentas and embryos develop in the female uterus

Communication networks between plant cells

A land plant

Nonvascular embryophytes; absorb water and nutrients directly, must reproduce in water, have rhizoids to anchor to soil, and do not produce seeds

Creates gametes that are a haploid (1 copy of each chromosome) generation; produces eggs or sperm

Create spores that are diploid (2 copies of each chromosome) generation; spores are haploid and grow into gametophytes

A diploid zygote that grows into a sporophyte

Xylem

Tracheid

Phloem

Seeds

One spore becomes the microgametophyte (male; pollen grain) and another spore becomes the megagametophyte (female; ovule) to create seeds

Seed-bearing plants that reproduce using cones

Monocots

Eudicots

A defense that is always present

A defense that is produced in reaction to damage or stress

Bacteria and Archaea

Bacteria with peptidoglycan in their cell walls

Similar to bacteria (no nucleus), but are more closely related to eukaryotes; some species are extremophiles

Stigma -> style -> ovary

Anther -> filament

A transitional fossil that has a neck and paddles that are part fin part foot