Psych 202 #1

The scientific study of how the brain and nervous system influence behavior, thoughts, and emotions.

A systematic process that scientists use to observe, ask questions, and test explanations about the natural world. This helps ensure that conclusions are objective, evidence-based, and repeatable.

Aristotle's opinion on the brain and heart

What theory did Descartes popularize?

What theory did Franz Gall start?

The concept that different brain regions specialize in specific behaviors.

The part of a neuron that receives input from other neurons.

Where the nucleus resides, this part of the neuron integrates all the incoming signals.

The cell’s control center that contains the genetic material (DNA) and regulates the cell’s activities.

A cone shape on the cell body, from which the axon extends.

A nerve fiber extension on a neuron, which can be used to send signals over long distances.

The part of a neuron for signal output, contains neurotransmitters.

These neurons convey sensory experiences to the brain and can come in a variety of shapes.

These neurons send signals from the brain to control movement and are often big with long axons.

These neurons receive signals from and deliver signals to other neurons, they generally have short axons.

These neurons don't have dendrites and their cell body branches off from the axon, they transmit info about sense of touch or pain to the spinal cord.

These neurons have 1 dendrite and are commonly sensory neurons.

These neurons have many dendrites.

A tiny gap between neurons through which the presynaptic neuron sends neurotransmitters to signal to the postsynaptic neuron.

Hollow spheres containing neurotransmitters, sent by the presynaptic neuron across the synapse.

Molecules sent across the synapse by the presynaptic neuron, they send either an excitatory or inhibitory signal to the postsynaptic neuron.

These are part of the postsynaptic neurons, they capture and react to neurotransmitters.

The gaps in an axon's myelin sheath, signals jump from node to node.

A glial cell that myelinates axons in the brain and spinal cord.

A glial cell that myelinates axons in the PNS.

A fatty substance on axons that speeds up action potentials.

Star-shaped glial cells that form the blood brain barrier and the outer membrane of the brain, stop blood and large molecules from getting into brain regions, get rid of waste in the brain, and provide nutrients from blood to the brain regions.

Tiny, mobile cells that eat up infectious agents and debris in the brain.

Glial cells that have some functional receptors and can contact neurons at nodes of Ranvier or synaptic terminals. Some can even fire action potentials.

This spanish anatomist established the neuron doctrine, that neurons and other brain cells are structurally, functionally and metabolically independent, and information is transmitted between neurons across tiny gaps.

This nervous system includes the brain and spinal cord.

This nervous system includes nerves throughout the body.

This nervous system has nerves connecting the brain and sensory/motor systems.

This nervous system has nerves connecting primarily to the internal organs.

This system prepares the body for immediate action.

This system helps the body rest and prepare for future action.

Toward an area of interest

Away from an area of interest

The plane dividing an object into left and right

The plane dividing an object into front and back

The plane dividing an object into top and bottom

Toward the back (or top of brain)

Toward the belly (or bottom of brain)

Toward the front

Toward the back

Above

Below

Towards the middle

Towards the side

On the same side

On a different side

Top of the brain, containing the telencephalon and the diencephalon.

Middle of the brain, containing the mesencephalon.

Bottom of the brain, containing the metencephalon and myelencephalon.

Brain region containing the cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, and limbic system.

Brain region containing the thalamus and hypothalamus.

Brain region containing the midbrain (superior/inferior colliculi and substantia nigra).

Brain region containing the pons and cerebellum.

Brain region containing the medulla.

A group of cell bodies in the CNS

A group of cell bodies in the PNS

A group of axons in the CNS

A group of axons in the PNS

Ridges of tissue in the cerebral cortex

Crevices of tissue in the cerebral cortex

Cell bodies in the brain/spinal cord (color)

Myelinated axons in the brain/spinal cord (color)

This term refers to the midbrain, pons and medulla.

This part of the hindbrain drives essential processes such as breathing and heart rate, and is also the point of origin for some cranial nerves.

This part of the hindbrain handles things like sleep cycles, dreams, some motor and sensory work, and also relays signals between the cerebellum and cerebral cortex.

This part of the hindbrain is made of 3-layer tissue, and handles tasks like motor coordination, balance, and some cognitive learning.

This part of the midbrain is responsible for visual processing.

This part of the midbrain is responsible for sound processing.

This part of the midbrain is responsible for perception of pain, the dorsal part helps with active coping while the ventral part helps with passive coping.

This part of the midbrain has neurons that release dopamine in the forebrain, loss of these neurons can lead to Parkinson's Disease.

This part of the telencephalon is made of 6-layer tissue and features 4 lobes, it is responsible for complex cognition.

This lobe is in the front of the cortex, it is important for movement and high-level cognition.

This lobe is behind the frontal lobe, it is important for sense of touch and spatial awareness.

This lobe is on either side of the cerebral cortex, it is important for hearing, language, and memory.

This lobe is in the back of the cerebral cortex, it is important for vision.

This part of the diencephalon helps govern motivated behaviors (sex, aggression, hunger, etc) and can regulate hormones.

This part of the hypothalamus is how it regulates hormones.

This part of the diencephalon directs all sensory input (except smell) to the correct cortex region, and receives motor commands from the cortex.

This part of the telencephalon is critical for movement.

This part of the basal ganglia helps with goal-directed learning, working memory, visual beauty perception, and might be related to OCD.

This part of the basal ganglia is related to motor skills and planning.

This part of the basal ganglia helps with keeping movement smooth and coordinated.

This part of the telencephalon features structures such as the amygdala and hippocampus.

This part of the limbic system does rapid evaulation of sensory input, as well as emotional responses to external stimuli.

This part of the limbic system helps with spatial navigation and episodic memory.

Chambers in the brain filled with CSF (there are 4 of them)

This liquid cushions the brain from minor blows to the head, conveys nutrients, signals chemicals, and picks up waste matter.

This system, made of astrocytes, keeps blood and large molecules out of the brain.

This is a way of visualizing the brain that includes mapping the diffusion of water within axons to visualize axonal fiber tracts.

A method of visualizing brain activity using a cap that reads electrical signals from different parts of the brain and tracks them as brain waves.

This method of visualizing brain activity measures magnetic fields coming from neurons to construct real-time maps of brain activity.

This method of visualizing brain activity tracks radioactive chemicals inserted into the bloodstream and maps where they are used, in order to find out which brain regions are most active.

This method of visualizing brain activity is the most spatially precise, it uses quickly oscillating magnetic fields to detect regional changes in brain metabolism, especially oxygen use / blood flow.

Name for using patients to learn about neuroscience through causal inference.

This foreman survived a brain injury where a metal rod was driven through his skull, destroying his frontal lobe, but after the injury he became impulsive, unlikeable and could no longer hold down a job.

Directly turning on/off a certain brain region, often done electrically, these methods can establish causality.

This method uses focal magnetic currents using electromagnetic coils to directly stimulate part of one's cortex, it can establish causality.

A method to control behavior that has been tested on animals. A virus containing a light-sensitive protein is inserted in an animal's brain, then a fiber-optic cable is inserted alongside an electrode, and light of a specific wavelength can open ion channels in neurons, allowing scientists to turn parts of the brain on or off.

A stain scientists use on neurons to see all the cell bodies and their size in a specific tissue section.

A stain scientists use on neurons that only highlights certain neurons, but shows them in great detail.

This method can visualize which cells are expressing a gene and where that gene is active, using radioactive RNA or DNA to label neurons in which a gene of interest has been turned on.

A method of visualizing the brain where radioactive drugs are taken, then thin slices of brain tissue are placed alongside photographic film, the radioactivity takes a "picture" of the brain with highlights in areas where the drug is concentrated.

A method of visualizing specific proteins in tissue samples of the brain, involving creating antibodies to a certain protein, these attach themselves to a protein and reveal the distribution of neurons in the protein.

The branch of physiology that studies the functions of the nervous system and its mechanisms, playing a crucial role in understanding neurological and psychiatric conditions.

A tiny electrode that can record or deliver electrical signals from a very small area, such as a single neuron.

The point where the electrical difference across a neuron's membrane is balanced, generally -50-80 mV.

Negatively charged ions

Positively charged ions

These ion channels are closed unless an axon is depolarized enough, in which case they open.

These ion channels only open in response to a certain neurotransmitter.

These proteins in a neuron pump 3 sodium cations out of the cell for every 2 potassium cations pumped in, they use up a lot of energy.

This kind of signal increases the chance of the postsynaptic neuron becoming depolarized enough to reach the threshold.

This kind of signal decreases the chance of the postsynaptic neuron reaching the threshold, and helps to hyperpolarize it.

5 steps of an action potential

What effect does myelin have on action potentials?

What disease is the result of myelin being compromised?

The summation of multiple presynaptic neurons releasing neurotransmitters simultaneously.

The summation of multiple presynaptic neurons releasing neurotransmitters over time.

Substances that activate a receptor to give a response, have similar effects to a neurotransmitter.

Substances that block a receptor and prevent a neurotransmitter from binding to it.

When neurotransmitters are absorbed back into the presynaptic neuron for future use.

When special enzymes break down neurotransmitters.

The tendency for a substance to spread so it is less concentrated.