1Common aspects of folk music
oral/aural transmission, association with a timelesseneric past, association with marginal(ized) groups, association with a strong sense of community
2Ballad history
sung in Britain since medieval times, likely originated with wandering minstrels
3Ballads transmitted aurally
Traditional ballad
4Ballads transmitted through words (such as newspapers)
Broadside ballad
5Ballads disassociated with music
Lyrical ballad
6Ballad sung by Texas Gladden in Salem, Virginia, 1941 with religious anti-adultery themes
The House Carpenter
7Common characteristics of ballads
Strophic form, consistent syllabic structurehyme scheme, sung solo, third person, straightforward storytelling, religious themes, restrained attitude toward sexuality
85 volumes of 305 total ballads published starting in 1860 by Francis James Child
Child Ballads
9Ballad sung by Texas Gladden with pro-marriage themes
Barbara Allen
10Type of music (ex: pop, rock, ballad, spiritual, jazz)
Genre
11Temporal aspect of music
Rhythm
12The principal part of music (as opposed to harmony)
Melody
14One melody, no harmony/accompaniment
Monophonic
15One melody with accompaniment/harmony
Homophonic
16Multiple melodies
Polyphonic
17Multiple different interpretations of the same melody
Heterophonic
18Musical instruments used in a song
Instrumentation
19Ballad sung by Pete Steele (1938) and EC Ball (1941) about a girl named Polly murdered by her lover
Pretty Polly
20American changes to British ballads
More restrained view of sexuality, less supernatural elements, African-American influence, localization of events
21Ballad referencing a horse race and a hore named Kimball (Skewball in Britain, sometimes Stewball as an African American work song) with a more personal dimension
Old Kimball
22The way a song is organized/structured
Form
23A form with the same melody for each verse
Strophic form
24Repeated text/melody in a verse
Refrain
25Long refrain added to a song verse
Chorus
26Ballad telling a man vs machine story, recorded in a prison in 1939, contains a tapping sound and a progressively faster tempo
John Henry
27Performance with no artist/audience distinctions, with a goal of involving the maximum number of people
Participatory performance
28Performance where artist prepares music for audience (who doesn't participate in music making/dancing), goal is audience satisfaction
Presentational performance
29Features of sacred harp
British-American, religious, participants sit in a square and have different parts depending on voice type
30A religious tunebook published in 1844
The Sacred Harp
31Technique where a singer sings/chants a line of text that is later echoed by group
Lining out
32Slow lined out hymn recorded in 1990s Kentucky
I'm Not Ashamed to Own my Lord
33Form of notation taught in singing schools, introduced around 1800 and used in The Sacred Harp
shape notes
34Christian sacred harp song with reedy, unpracticed timbre
Wonderous Love
35Acapalla religious music created by enslaved African Americans
Folk spirituals
36Folk spiritual involving religious dance as participants move in a counterclockwise circle, influenced by African and Muslim approaches
Ring shout
37A song form/performance practice where a performer makes a musical statement answered by another performer
Call-and-response
38Contrasting timbres, associated with music of African descent
Heterogenous sound ideal
39High energy folk spiritual with Christian references such as Jeremiah, as well as more modern references like trains
Run Old Jeremiah
40Multiple rhythmic patterns played simultaneously
Polyrhythm
41A ring shout folk spiritual that is polyrhythmic and musically dense with call-and-response
Sign of the Judgement
42Folk spiritual with a slower tempo, male voices and female voice harmonizing
Trouble So Hard
43Common continuances in African/African American music
Call and response, heterogenous sound ideal, high density of musical events, use of body, polyrhythm, percussive manner/approach
44Post-civil war spirituals, which evolved in schools created to educate former slaves, emerged in the 1870s
Arranged/concert spirituals
45Singing group that emerged in 1871, toured to raise money for Fisk College
Fisk Jubilee Singers
46Common traits of concert spirituals (made to fit more White American tastes)
Homogenous sound ideal, vocal timbres, harmonies, choirs divided by vocal ranges
47Common forms for concert spirituals
Verse chorus strophic form, often with refrains and call and response aspects
48Concert spiritual by the Fisk Jubilee Singers containing biblical references about freedom for enslaved people, including the refrain "God's gonna trouble the water"
Wade In The Water
49Concert spiritual featuring biblical references about freedom
Oh Freedom
50How were spirituals used as a strategy of resistance?
Themes within them served as mental resistance, as a medium of communication, both with direct instructions and where many biblical references were used as codes
51A polyrhythmic folk spiritual talking about escaping enslavement and one's right to freedom
Run, Mary, Run, You've Got a Right to the Tree of Life
52Theatrical performances with performers singing, dancing, doing skits in blackface parodying and stereotyping African American culture
Minstrel shows
53Appeals of minstrelsy for audiences
Entertainment at the expense of racial "other", fascination with and ridicule of "Blackness", proximity in the face of racialized fear, a way to establish, perform "Whiteness", identify with African Americans, method of control through false representations
54Appeals of minstrelsy for Black performers
Lucrative, attempts to improve racial relations, travel, show talent, metaparody, self-representation
55Instruments in minstrel shows
Mostly male voices, banjos, bones, fiddle, tambourine
56A polyrhythmic minstrel song featuring syncopation and vocal changes in texture/dynamics
De Boatman's Dance
57Invented in 1877 by Thomas Edison, by the late 1910s it was the dominant format for recording/playback
Phonograph
58Recordings of music by and for African Americans, term used from 1920s-40s
Race records
59A blues song created in 1920 by Mamie Smith, early example of a race record
Crazy Blues
60Common features of blues music (aka country blues or rural blues)
Strophic AAB form, solo artists foregrounded, race records
61Record company that promoted music such as blues
OKeh Records
62Blues song by Lemon Jefferson (1926) featuring frank lyrics, a sexual innuendo, descending melodic contour and slow rhythm, call and response with guitar
That Black Snake Moan
63Blues song by Memphis Minnie (1933) featuring sexual innuendos, descending melodic contour, slow rhythm, call and response with guitar
My Butcher Man
64Blues song recorded by Charlie Patton and released by Paramount Records in 1929, tells a story about Tom Rushing, a real sheriff
Tom Rushen Blues
65Approach to creating/manipulating sounds on an instrument
Playing technique
66Playing technique where a player slides across strings (different items can be used for this), originated in Hawaii, creates a whiny timbre imitating voice and allowing player to vary pitches
Slide or bottleneck guitar
67Country blues song recorded by Robert Johnson (1936), featuring slideottleneck technique, heterogenous sound ideal, verses not in AAB form
Come on in my Kitchen
68Early country music by and for white southerners from 1920s-40s
Hillbilly records
69Hillbilly version of a ballad performed by Bradley Kincaid (1930)
Barbara Allen
70Early country song recorded by Vernon Dalhart (1924) featuring an opera-like timbre
The Prisoner's Song
71A country band that started in 1927 with a "wholesome" conservative image who did many arrangements of folk songs
The Carter Family
72An early country song by the Carter Family (1928) with an aesthetic of "plainness"
Keep on the Sunny Side
73Guitar playing technique developed by Maybelle Carter, melody is played on lower strings while accompaniment strummed on upper strings
Carter Picking
74Country music artist who gained fame from recordings and uses variety of racial influences in his music
Jimmie Rodgers
75Country song recorded by Jimmie Rodgers (1928) featuring heterogenous sound ideal, falsetto, yodeling, speech-song continuum and a frank, personal narrative quality
Blue Yodel No. 1
76A ballad performed by a Black singer, Snooks, Eaglin, recorded in the 1950s, maybe derived from British ballad "The Unfortunate Rake"
St. James Infirmary
77Ballad by Leadbelly(1940s) featuring call and response between voice and accordion about a Black man getting hung for murdering another Black man
John Hardy
78Shape of the pitch changes in a melody (ascending, repeated, descending)
Melodic contour
79Wave of Chinese immigrants to America between 1840s-1880s
First Wave
80Wave of Chinese immigrants to America between 1940s-1950s (after the repeal of the Chinese Exclusion Act)
Intermittent Ripple
81Wave of Chinese immigrants to America between 1965-present
Second Wave
82Most First Wave Chinese immigrants came from this region of China
Guangdong
83This act banned immigration of Chinese women to the US
1875 Page Act
84This act banned immigration of Chinese laborers to the US, repealed in 1943
1882 Chinese Exclusion Act
85Social impacts of Chinese exclusion
Isolated communities (such as Chinatowns), more Chinese men than women, sense of community establised via music
86Characteristics of Chinese Opera
Emphasis on visual splendor, combines acting, dancing, singing, stories from legends, myths or (semi)historical narratives
87Cantonese opera with heterophony, a warbly, nasal timbre, string instruments used in a percussive manner
Shau See Yuen
88Percussive instruments used in Cantonese opera
Drums, gongs, cymbals, woodblocks
89This act, passed in the context of the Civil Rights Movement, reopened doors to Asian immigrants to the US
1965 Immigration Act
90Roles in Beijing/Peking opera
Man, woman, painted face, clown
91This color is often used to represent prosperity or goodness in Beijing/Peking opera
Red
92This color is often used to represent chaos in Beijing/Peking opera
Green
93This color is often used to represent evil in Beijing/Peking opera
White
94This color is often used to represent neutrality in Beijing/Peking opera
Black
95Lead instrument of the melodic section in Peking opera
Jinghu
96Peking opera featuring a male voice in a female role and the jinghu
The Drunken Beauty
97Plucked string instrument from west China
Pipa
98Chinese instrument with 2 strings, played with a bow
Erhu
99Chinese open-holed flute played from the side
Diji
100Chinese string instrument struck with a mallet, functions similar to a piano
Yangqin
101Technique used by plucked string instruments to simulate sustained pitch by playing the same note really quickly
Tremolo
102A song by Chinese-American group Jade Bridge featuring the pipa, erhu, diji and yangqin
Purple Bamboo
103Singer who started the blues genre with her song "Crazy Blues" in 1920
Mamie Smith
104Racially ambiguous blues singer of Tom Rushen Blues, founder of the Delta Blues
Charley Patton
105Ethnomusicologist who got many field recordings of folk songs
Alan Lomax
106Popular country blues musician whose music increased a lot over the course of a few months, accused of selling his soul to the devil, singer of Come on in my Kitchen
Robert Johnson
107In the 1930s, radios were put in Mexico to bypass US laws capping radios to 5K(urban) or 50K(rural) watts, this expanded the availability of country music in the South and Mexico
Border radio
108Instrument featuring strings and keys that mute all strings except those in a given key, played by Sara and Maybelle of the Carter family
Autoharp
109How are instruments categorized in China?
By material
110Country blues artist, singer of That Black Snake Moan
Blind Lemon Jefferson
111Composer of the song "De Boatman's Dance," founder of the first troupe of Blackface minstrels, "The Virginia Minstrels"
Dan Emmett
112First popular white blackface performer, rose to prominence in 1829, known for "Ethiopian" songs
George Washington Dixon
113Blackface performer who released the song "Jim Crow" in 1929 and danced the cakewalk to it, first native US performer to release "quintesentially American" music abroad when he toured in England
Thomas Dartmouth Rice