Hema chap 4

What are the structural units that constitute living organisms?

What separates the cytoplasm and cellular components from the extracellular environment?

What is a semipermeable, flexible barrier that protects the cell and regulates substance exchange?

What is the fluid lipid bilayer composed of phospholipids and cholesterol?

What are the hydrophilic parts of phospholipids that face outward?

What are the hydrophobic parts of phospholipids that face inward?

What are unique surface antigens that identify blood cells at various stages?

What laboratory tool uses CD markers to aid in diagnosis?

What membrane proteins span the entire lipid bilayer?

What membrane proteins are located only on the cytoplasmic side?

What membrane proteins function as channels, transporters, receptors, and adhesion molecules?

What membrane proteins provide structural integrity and vertical support to the membrane?

What can genetic mutations in membrane proteins cause, resulting in shortened RBC lifespan and hemolytic anemia?

What disorder is associated with membrane stability defects?

What protective outer layer is formed by carbohydrate chains on the cell surface?

What functions in cell-to-cell recognition and adhesion and provides a negative surface charge?

What are the three major types of transport across the plasma membrane?

What type of transport moves substances along concentration gradients without using energy?

What type of passive transport moves small nonpolar molecules such as O₂ and CO₂?

What type of passive transport uses transmembrane channels or carriers?

What channels are specifically used for transporting water?

What is the movement of water from low to high solute concentration across a membrane?

What test demonstrates osmotic behavior in RBCs?

What type of transport moves molecules against their concentration gradients using energy?

What type of active transport uses ATP hydrolysis to drive pumps?

What pump maintains high K⁺ and low Na⁺ inside RBCs?

What type of active transport uses the energy from one molecule moving down its gradient to move another molecule against its gradient?

What type of secondary active transport moves both molecules in the same direction?

What type of secondary active transport moves molecules in opposite directions?

What type of transport uses membrane-bound vesicles to move macromolecules?

What process expels substances from the cell through vesicle fusion with the plasma membrane?

What process engulfs substances into the cell by forming vesicles from the plasma membrane?

What process involves nonspecific uptake of extracellular fluid in small vesicles?

What process is known as “cell drinking”?

What process involves engulfing large particles using pseudopods and forming a phagosome?

What process is known as “cell eating”?

What cells perform phagocytosis?

What process involves highly specific uptake of ligands bound to membrane receptors?

What structures form during receptor-mediated endocytosis and become endosomes?

What protein-bound substance is taken up through transferrin receptor 1?

What is essential for survival, coordination, and regulation of cellular processes?

What type of communication occurs through gap junctions?

What type of signaling occurs through direct cell-to-cell contact?

What type of signaling occurs when a cell targets itself?

What type of signaling affects nearby cells?

What type of signaling uses hormones traveling through the bloodstream to distant cells?

What substances can act as ligands, including hormones, neurotransmitters, peptides, and small molecules?

What proteins receive signals from ligands?

Where can receptors be located?

What type of ligands can cross the plasma membrane and bind intracellular receptors?

What type of ligands require transmembrane receptors to initiate signaling?

What begins a signal transduction pathway when it binds to a specific receptor?

What molecules are produced by effector enzymes during signal transduction?

What are examples of second messengers?

What receptors open ion channels when a ligand binds?

What receptors have seven transmembrane domains and associate with G-proteins?

What are the three subunits of G-proteins?

What receptors are single-pass transmembrane proteins that can activate tyrosine kinases or JAK2?

What is an example of an enzyme-linked receptor found on stem cells?

What is an example of an enzyme-linked receptor found on erythroid precursors?

What specialized transmembrane receptors are involved in cell signaling and adhesion?

What are the types of cell adhesion molecules?

What CAM subtype is composed of α and β subunits?

What type of integrin signaling occurs when ligand binding causes cytoskeletal changes?

What type of integrin signaling occurs when intracellular activation changes extracellular binding ability?

What cells contain integrins important for adhesion, mobility, and survival?

What ensures DNA is replicated once and equally distributed to two daughter cells?

What is the first main stage in which the cell grows and prepares for DNA synthesis?

What is the stage in which DNA and centrosomes replicate and sister chromatids form?

What is the stage that checks for DNA errors or incomplete replication?

What is the stage in which the cell divides into two identical daughter cells?

What is the non-dividing resting phase of the cell cycle?

What three phases make up interphase?

What mitotic phase involves chromosome condensation and spindle fiber formation?

What mitotic phase involves nuclear envelope disassembly and spindle attachment to chromatids?

What mitotic phase involves chromatids aligning at the spindle equator?

What mitotic phase involves chromatids separating and moving to opposite poles?

What mitotic phase involves nuclear membrane reformation and spindle disassembly?

What process divides the cytoplasm and forms two daughter cells?

What checkpoint monitors nutrients and cell size during late G1?

What checkpoint checks for DNA damage and may halt the cell cycle or induce apoptosis?

What checkpoint ensures complete and undamaged DNA replication?

What checkpoint verifies replication accuracy before mitosis?

What checkpoint ensures chromosomes are correctly attached and aligned?

What proteins activate cyclin-dependent kinases to regulate cell-cycle transitions?

What enzymes are activated by cyclins to regulate cell-cycle transitions?

What cyclin-CDK combination regulates the G1-to-S transition?

What cyclin-CDK combination functions during the S stage?

What cyclin-CDK combination regulates the G2-to-M transition?

What helps control cell-cycle stage progression by removing cyclins?

What tumor suppressor detects DNA damage and regulates CDKs?

What type of cell death is caused by injury such as ischemia, trauma, toxins, or infections?

What type of cell death involves cell swelling, membrane damage, and enzyme leakage?

What type of cell death triggers an inflammatory response because cellular contents are released?

What is programmed cell death initiated by internal or external signals?

What process removes unneeded, aging, or damaged cells and maintains cellular balance?

What type of cell death causes cell shrinkage and nuclear fragmentation while maintaining an intact membrane?

What process generally does not cause inflammation because cellular contents are packaged and removed by phagocytes?

What are the two major pathways of apoptosis?

What apoptosis pathway is triggered by ligand-receptor binding such as Fas/FasL?

What caspases are activated by the extrinsic pathway?

What apoptosis pathway is triggered by internal cellular stress?

What molecule is released during the intrinsic mitochondrial pathway?

What structure forms during the intrinsic pathway after cytochrome c release?

What caspase is activated by the intrinsic pathway?

What caspases are the executioner caspases?

What proteins promote apoptosis?

What proteins inhibit apoptosis?

What can an imbalance or mutation in apoptosis regulators lead to?

What hematologic disorder is given as an example of TP53 loss?