Test 4 Bio 2

Dorsal notochord, Dorsal tubular nerve chord, pharyngeal slits, postanal tail

Suportive rod, is replaced by cartilage or bone in most adult vertabrates

Usually expands anteriorly as brain

pharyngeal pouches do not actually connect to outside

Often used in locomotion, may be modified or reduced in adult form

thyroid glands

Urochordata, Cephalochordata, Craniata

"Tunic" (sacklike connective tissue covering body), Oral and atrial siphons for water circulation

reduced nervous system, simple heart, gas exchange through diffusion, complete digestive system, monoecious with cross fertlization

Filter feed

Diecious, with external fertilization

Single photorecptor and no brain, open circulatory system

obtain heat from environment

body temperature fluctuates

generate heat internally

relatively constant body temperature

non-tetrapod chordate, Craniate

most primitive craniates, retain notochord, jawless, no paired appendages

cold water marine habitats, benthic (bottom dweller)

hoolow bones that protect dorsal nerve cord

Petromyzontida - Lampreys
Chondrichthyes - Cartilaginous fish
Sarcopterygii - Lobe-finned fish
Actinopterygii. - Ray-finned Fishes
Amphibia - Amphibians
Reptilia - Reptiles
Aves - Birds
Mammalia - Mammals

No jaws

no scales or paired fins, gills slits on side of head

Cartilaginous skeleton, movable teeth, fins

Internal fertilization: viviparous, ovoviviparous and oviparous

have no swim bladder, sink if not swimming

Gill slits, water enter thorugh mouth or spiracles

sand-paper like skin, teeth are modified placoid scales

viviparous, lack dorsal fin, tail whip like with barb

oviparous, have dorsal fin, throny projections and studdy tail

air filled sacs used as lungs in gas exchange

deep sea fish once thought extinct

bony skeleton in most, two group Chondrosteans and telosts

swim bladder to regulate buoyancy

Most fish species, mostly external fertilization

body assumes temperature of water (Ectothermic, poikilothermic)

modern fish are predators, while others are filter feeders or herbivorous

closed circulatory system, two-chambered heart, counter-current gas exchange

Lateral-line system, some fish display electroreception (detecting electrical fields generated by other organisms)

naturally absorb water and lose electrolytes through diffusion

absorb electrlytes and lose water through diffusion

migrate between salt and fresh water and have both forms of osmoregulation

sexual reproduction, seahorses brood embryos, catfish provide post hatching care for young

study of fish

most primitive tetrapods

usually aquadic, adults usually semi-terrestrial

Caudata
Gymnophiona
Anura

Terrestrial "eft" stage, aquadic adults

adults lack tails

external fertilization through amplexus, legless larvae have tails

use appendages more than body wall

closed circulatory system

skin functions as repsiratory organ (cutaneous respiration)

excrete ammonia and urea on land, some have urinary baldder

cannot survive in marine environments

central, lateral line system, vision very important, transparent lower eye lid (nictating membrane)

Ectothermic, poikilothermic, retains moisture

mostly carnivores

Salamander and caevilians and silent, frogs have vocal sacks and tympana

declining at an alarming rate because of habitat destruction, chytid fungus, acid deposition, uv radiation, global climate, pollution

study of reptiles and amphibians

first to possess amniotic eggs

nourishes embryo

encolses embryo in a fluid filled sac, protects against shock and desiccation

aids in gas exchange, protects embryo

stores nitrogenous wastes

protects embryo

Synapsid (led to mammals), Anapsid(extinct reptiles), Diapsid(living reptiles and birds)

Keratinized beak, sow growth rates and long juvenile periods

primitive third eye, detects light changes

worldwide except polar regions

most diverse in deserts, two venomous species

some have vestigal appendages, can swallow large objects because of thier skull

dry skin with scales, no respiratory function, lungs with large surface area, metanephric kidenys excrete uric acid

some physiological mechanisms (torpor or burmation, body temperature control by behavioral mechanisms

carnivorous

Internal fertilization, Oviparous, some parthenogenic

Jacobson's organs in all reptiles but turtles, pit organs in pit vipers detect heat differences

The study of birds

Wings
Feathers
Endothermy
High metabolic rate
Modified skeleton

skull and skeletal characteristics, nucleated red blood cells

coverign in feathers is called plumage, two primary functions - flight/insulation

achieved by using wings as airfoils, Alula reduce turbulance during takeoff

modified to minimize wieght, sternum has large keel for attachment of flight muscles, flexible neck and bill function as 5th appendage

high level of food intake, esophagus often modified into a crop for storage

4 chambered heart, relatively large compared to body size

complex and very efficient, two ventilation cycles are necessary to move air completely through system

feathers insulate body preventing heat loss, some birds use torpor

poor smell in most, well developed hearing and vision

Oviparous; internal fertilization, incubate eggs

most birds are monogamous, polygynous - males mate with more than 1 female; polyandrous - females mate with more than 1 male

periodic round trips between breeding and wintering areas, cued by day length

study of mammals

synapsid reptiles

Viviparous, young born early in developemnt, complete development in marsupium

born at advanced stage in development

Order Rodentia: Rodents
Order Chiroptera: bats
OrderL Insectivora: hedgehogs
Order Carnivora: carnivores
Order cetacea: Whales and dolphins
Order Primates: Monkeys, Apes, Humans

Endothermy
Hair
Mammary glands
Specialized epidermal glands
Heterodont dentition (specializaed teeth)

endothermic; homeothermic

Sebaceous - secrete oil to lubricate and waterproof skin/hair
sudoiferous - secrete water, salts, and urea for cooling and excretion of waste products

many herbivores have a cecum (fermentation pouch), Ruminant mamals have 4 chambered stomachs

shivering thermogenesis (muscle activity heat) and metabolic activity

Metanephridic kidney, henle loop concentrates urea

Internal fertlization, most viviparous