astronomy 2022 final

MI, or the Crab Nebula, is the name of the first object catalogued by the astronomer

These nebulae, usually red in color, are the birthplaces of stars, think Hydrogen!

a light year is

the star Altair is approximately 16 light years away from Earth. That means

in science fiction movies, it is common to use a space craft to travel across the Milky Way galaxy or to assert that we have been visited by alien space craft from the other side of the Milky Way Galaxy. If one has a space craft that can travel at the speed of light, to an observer on the Earth, how long will it take to travel from one edge of the Milky Way galaxy to the other and return?

what do astronomers call the apparent path of the sun? The

the most powerful tool used by astronomers to determine the properties of stars, galaxies and nebulae is

a constellation contains a grou of stars

the way astronomers know a hypothesis is reasonable is to

imaginary line that divides the celestial sphere into east and west hemispheres

the 17th century astronomer who kept a roughly 20 ear continuous record of the positions of Mars was

We now know that the orbit of a stable planet around a star like th Sun is always

the renaissance astronomer who wrote the pioneering book that proposed the Earth orbits the Sun was

Which of the following was NOT discovered by Galileo Galilei?

According to Kepler’s third law, there is a relationship between the time a planet takes to orbit the Sun and it’s

two motions are required to produce an orbit, what are they?

Newton’s First Law of Motion explains the Moon doesn’t travel in a straight line at a constant velocity because

Newton’s Second Law of Motion explains that in order to

what 2 factors are responsible for determining the strength of the gravitational attraction between any two objects?

Planet A has a mass of 6 Earths and a radius of 4 Earths. Planet B has a mass of 3 Earths and a radius of 4 Earths. On which planet would you feel a smaller force pull gravity?

What is the order of star colors with increasing temperature?

The ___ of a star is a measure of the total amount of energy radiated.

Astronomers can determine the surface temperature of a star using which one of these?

Astronomers analyze the absorption spectra of stars in order to determine their chemical composition. Which of Kirchoff’s Laws describes how an absorption spectrum is produced?

In the future, several students living on board a space station decide to have a race among different types of electromagnetic radiation. Which of the following travels through space the fastest?

Astronomers discuss that light sometimes acts like a photon. What is a potion?

We observe a distant galaxy with a spectroscope. We notice that the familiar spectral lines of hydrogen are shifted. They are shifted toward the blue end of the spectrum compared to their normal rest positons. From this we can conclude:

Light (electromagnetic radiation) is produced as:

Which of these is the correct order of EMR from highest energy to lowest?

The light which allows you to see this very interesting exam is made up of waves. In these waves, the distance between crests is called the

Why did it take astronomers until 1837 to measure teh parallax of the stars? Because:

As astronomers use the term, the parallax of a star is:

What is the baseline that astronomers use to measure the parallax (the distance) of the nearest stars?

The instrument astronomers are now using to make the most precise measurements of stellar parallax we have ever had is:

Which of the following will show the smallest parallax shift>

MI, or the Crab Nebula, is the name of the first object catalogued by the astronomer

Apparent visual magnetic use is

In order to use the Distance Modulus astronomers need

Which star in Table 2-1 would appear the brightest to an observer on Earth?

Based on teh information in Table 2-1, how many times brighter is Altais than HL Tauri?

A type of star that has turned out to be extremely useful fo measuring distances is:

A light curve for a star measures how its brightness changes with:

Why do Cepheid variables have that strange name?

The period-luminosity relationship for Cepheid variables was discovered by:

An astronomer is interested in a galaxy called M31, the nearest galaxy that resembles our Milky Way. It is about 2 million light years away. Which technique would be able to give us a distance to this galaxy?

Which of the following characteristiscs of a single star (one that moves through space alone) is it difficult to measure directly?

stars on the main sequence obey a mass-luminosity relation. According to this relation,

which of these is the best description of the orbital motion of a binary star system?

A Binary star is:

___ binaries orbit far enough from each other that they can be viewed individually.

Doppler shift observations of a ___ can enable astronomers to calculate ___ of its individual stars.

Two stars have proper motions of one arc second per year. Star A is 20 light-years away from Earth, and star B is 10 light-years away from Earth. Which one has the faster velocity in space?

Suppose there are three stars in space, each moving at 100 km/s. Star A is moving across (perpendicular to) our line of sight, star B is going directly away from earth, and star C is moving away from Earth, but at a 30 degree angle to the line of sight. From which star will you observe the greatest Doppler shift?

___ has the largest proper motion known.

Astronomers call the motion of a star across the sky (perpindicular to our line of sight) its:

Imagine that a brilliant but quirky scientist in the biology department manages to put you in a deep freeze and you wake up in a million years. Which of the following statements about the sky you would see in that future time is correct?

Which of the following statements about spectroscopic binary stars is FALSE?

When one of the stars in a spectroscopic binary is moving toward the Earth, in its orbit, we observe:

Which of the following is not a method for measuring the diameter of a star?

A(n) ___ has orbits which are edge-on, and the stars cross in front of each other so that the light of one star is periodically diminished by the other passing in front of it.

Which type of star has the lowest density and the least amount of pressure in its atmosphere?

The luminosity class of a star tells an astronomer:

Which of teh stars in Diagram 9-1 has the brightest Luminosity?

In an H-R diagram, which star is found in the region designated for white dwarfs?

The reason absorption lines of stars change with the different luminosity classes is because:

What was the name of the Harvard graduate student that discovered all stars are composed of 80% hydrogen, 19% helium?

Which of the following type of star is the coolest (has the lowest surface temperature)

If hydrogen is the most common element of the universe, why do we not see the lines of hydrogen in the spectra of the hottest stars?

Astronomers arrange the stars into groups called spectral types (or classes) according to the kinds of lines they find in heir spectra. These spectral types are arranged in order of:

The Orion Nebula is:

Which of these stas will take the SHORTEST amount of time to go from the protostar stage to the main sequence?

A Herbig-Haro (HH) object is:

core energy production in protostars is accomplished though:

Why is it so difficult for astronomers to see new stars in the process of birth?

at teh end of the proton-proton chain of nuclear fusion in the Sun, hydrogen nuclei have been converted into:

When did scientists begin to understand how the Sun produces all the energy that it does?

If the “fuel” for nuclear fusion is nuclei of hydrogen, and the Earth’s oceans are filled with hydrogen atoms, why isn’t there a lot of fusion happening in our oceans?

A college friend of yours who has been postponing taking any science courses hears you talking about the generation of nuclear energy in the Sun and makes the following observation: “The whole idea of the atomic nucleus is pretty ridiculous. If an oxygen nucleus consists of eight protons and eight neutrons, the charge on that nucleus is positive. I learned in high school that like charges repel, such as a nucleus would quickly ‘split apart’”. How would you answer his argument?

The CNO (carbon-nitrogen-oxygen) cycle

When energy is first produced by fusion deep in the core of a star, that energy moves outward by what process?

Astronomers have concluded the Sun’s activity varies in an 11-year cycle. Which of the following statements about this cycle is TRUE

The Sun’s chromosphere contains finger0like projections that shoot up into the Corona. These projections are called:

Solar wind particles can be captured by the Earth’s magnetosphere. When these particles spiral down along the magnetic field into the atmosphere, they create:

What is the best reason astronomers have come up with to explain why sunspots are cooler and look darker?

The Sun’s photosphere is:

The granulation pattern that astronomers have observed on the surface of the Sun tells us:

When currents of hot materials rise inside the Sun, and cooler materials sink downwards, energy is being transferred by a process known as

Which statement about the Sun’s rotation is TRUE?

Which statement about the violent events on the Sun called flares is FALSE?

The amount of time a star can remain on the main sequence depends on:

The event in the life of a star that triggers its expansion into a Red Giant is:

As a low mass star climbs the Red Giant Branch, its envelope expands. Where does the energy for the expansion come from?

when a low mass star expands into a Red Giant, which way does it move on the H-R diagram>

A type of star cluster that contains a large population of old, cool, red stars is:

When teh core of a low mass star reaches a temperature of 100 million K, something important happens in the core. What is this new event?

What is a planetary nebula?

In a planetary nebula, the shell of expelled material is glowing intensely. What is the main source of energy?

If low mass stars, 1 solar mass, cannot make elements heavier than oxygen, where are heavier elements like silicon produced?

Which element, when created in the core of a high mass star, removes (absorbs) energy from the core?

Observationally, quasars resemble small, blue stars. What was it about them that surprised astronomers when they were first discovered?

After several decades of observation, astronomers have concluded that quasars are:

What property of a star would astronomers look at iin order to predict whether it will ultimately become a Black Hole?

When one member of a binary star system is a black hole, and astronomers detect x-rays coming from the system, where are the x-rays usually coming from?

Wearing a very accurate watch, you volunteer to go on a mission to a black hole in a spaceship that has powerful rockets. You are able to orbit the black hole and stay a little distance outside of the event horizon. Compared to watches on Earth, your watch will run:

Which of the following is a characteristic of degenerate matter in a white dwarf star?

Which of the following stages will the Sun definitely go through as it gets older?

A special friend gives you a piece of gold jewelry as a present to celebrate you passing your astronomy class. Where did the gold atoms originally come from?

Which of the following statements about a Type 2 Supernova are true?

After the core of a massive star becomes a neutron star, the rest of the star’s material: