DA

-3500
-History without record
-old stone age
-Hunter gatherers
-artwork like cave paintings

-New Stone age
-8000 BC to 6000 BC
-nomads settle down and start farming
-population growth and large villages

-"land betwen Rivers"
-between tigris and Euphrates
-modern Iraq

-water irrigation moves water to crops
-cities build on water

-transition from villages to cities
-sophisticated temples (ziggurats)
-polytheistic

-spoke Sumarian
-wrote in cunieform
-starts as pictures of things then developes to wedge shaped writing

-priests were elite
-politicaly independent city states fighting each other, leader called lugal
-epic of Gilgamesh

-2350-2160 BC
-first empire
-god was Akkad
-conflict within sumer, all have different patron gods

-ruler of Akkad
-first to think about ruling other city states
-cultural harmony
-methodical conquest of sumer

-small kingdoms
-ruled by hamurabi

-ruler of babylon
-used diplomacy
-had set code of laws based oin honor put into stones in towns

-centered around nile
-nile floods which gives soil nutrients

-legend of how Egypt united
-idea of legendary king (Narmer or menes)
-united upper and lower egypt through warfare

-unified upper and lower gypt
-lower and upper both had same language and wrote in hiroglyphs
-papyrus grows on nile and is used for writing surface

-Egyptian falcon god
-Pharohs said they had divine rule through him
-king protected by him

-story of reserection and renewal
-Isis and Osiris are married
-Seth kills his brother osiris and spreads pieces around egpy
-Osiris becomes lord of death after isis gathers all peices

-guide book of rituals and prayers to do after death

-egypt
-soul which moves represents your heart

-Egypt
-Ka is measered in afterelife
-measured against scale of Mott and if not good then you are cooked

-ideolization of kingship
-centrilization and beurocracy
-age of pyramids

-Imhotep is asked by pharoh zoser to build something special so come up w pryamid idea
-Khufu says to smooth out sides of pyramid (Giza) and put mummies, slaves, and riches inside
-Khafre is the sphinx guy

-have to deal with possibility of invasion and warefare

-egypt
-become more agresive
-starts invade palestine and nubia
-kings of Nubia and Kush start to rule egypt

-says to only worship aten [sun of godrays]
-influenced by Hebrews

-Kings of Nubia and Egypt
-wanted to be egyptian

-purple people
-give fist alpahabet (22 consonants)
-independent cities in upper levant
-colonize carthage and southern iberia

-what made them powerful
-costal cities
-know how to sail well and sell dye and textiles
-also sell papyrus

- Ba' al is the Rider of the clouds (ashtart, ishtar)
-next door to hebrews and they get mad
-lots of animal and human sacrafice and temple prositute

-Pentapolis (five cities)
-modern palestine
-enemies of herbews, david and goliath

-Nomadic people migrate east
-belive have holy right to posess land
-Mosses leads the exodus away from pharoh ramesses
-on exodus given 5 commandments
-god YHWH

-made of 12 tribes of hebrews
-all ruled by a judje

-david is unified king
-defeat phillistines and make capital city of jerusalem
-put arch of covanent in center of temple which has commandments in it

-uppopular ruler of hebrews
-first temple in jerusalem called temple of holies

-rebbleion in north against high taxes
-Assyrains destroy judah and israel
-king Nebuchandezzar is assyrian who detsoyrs temple and hebrews deported

semetic in mesopotamia [two rivers]
-Ashur is their patron god
-extrmelely violent
-cuneiform

-becomes king of assryia
-says assryians should rule themselves
-as soon as gets control get violent and starts wanted all of mesopotamia

-assyrian
-invades sumer
-sacks babylon and starts assyrian thing of saying their god better than others and stealing their gods stuff
-becomes king of babylonia

-Assurnasirpal II builds fortress
-reigon allies against assyria but doesnt matter
-have issues with usurping

-son of man who usurped king of assyria
-takes name sargon II to say he is heir to old mesopotamia
-makes statues of gilgamesh

-Assyrian king
-punishs judah and sieges all their cities
-hella violent

-society built on war
-have standing army of 200,000
-extreme brutality

-extreme violence made them hated
-alliance against them eventually wins

-did opposite of assyrians
-grew extremely vast and successful
-let people do their own thing were tolerant
-were dominated at first by Meds
-the take down of the assyrians by Medean-Chaldean alliance allowed them to rise up

-first king of persia
-leader of persian tribe that rose up
-coneuqeres medes
-invades chaldean mesopotamia and lets hebrews go back to where they were deported

-Persian king
-conqures egypt
-establishes capital city at Susa

-persian soilder that becomes king
-expands persian empire
-ten thousand immortals is elite body guards

-satrapy = providence, ruled by satrap
-built roads and canals, distributed coins

-Zoroastrianismm
-founded by zarathustra
-Ahuaramazda is god of light and Ashmiran is god of dark
-releigon based on ethics

-first greek civilization
-Greece in Aegian Basin
-legend of minataur
-minos is the king
-wealth and overseas trade

-half man half bull
-king minos wife has sex with a bull and has half man half bull child
-put in labrythn and every year a man and women sent into labrythn to be killed

-came after Minoan
-In mainland greece
-agrolis
-independent city states
-made wheel and charriot
-ended b/c sea people

-Godesses arguing over who is most beautiful
-in argujment wife of king of mycean gets sent to troy king, (Helen of Troy)
-she leaves husband and causes troy war
-greeks hide in horse to defeat troy

-greece
-no written sources
-economty bottoms out
-depopulation
-Idea of hero

-wrote the illiad and Odysses
-illiad about trojan war
-odyessy is about the trip home

-in dark ages greece
-idea that humanity can do great things and is pennacle of creation

greece, central square

means city, building block of politics

-common greek identitiy
-diff states but agree same people
-olympic games
-same langauge alphabet and religieion

-elite culture shared by men
-symposium
hertatai

-eleit get drunk and discuss things

-older man who takes younger as lover

-aristocratic oligarchy, democracy then comes out of this
-athens rises in democracy

-gets more democratic over time
-only for athenian citizens
-solon reforms and says voting should be based on how much money have
-then cleisthenes and boule say divide into geographic zones

-has 2 kings and ephors
-ephors check kings
-large population of slaves called Helots
-society based around military

-start of persian wars
-greeks helps persian city states revolt
-get support from athens
-first persian invasion backfires on persia

-darius the greak attakcs athens
-athenian genral Miltiades suprise attacks
-after win athenians run back and first persian invasion over

-leader of persia during second invasion
-thought no way greeks could win

-group of greek city states to defend persia during war

-athenian
-dumps money into navey

-during second persian invasion
-spartan king leonidis and 300 men stay to fight off persians and all die

-naval battle that ends second persian envasion
-athenian navy smacks persia

-Thetes (lower class) start to get more power from pericles
-access to democracy expanded
-new general (strategos) has lots of power
-build parthenon and erechtheion on acropolis
solon [money] and cleisthene [location]

-invention of theature
-tragedy (humans trying make right choices)
-comedy

-historians asked questions about why people make the choices they do
-herotodus persian wars
-Thucydides was peloponnesian wars

-Greek strategos
-kept getting elected
-supported lower class
-gave greater power to lower class thetes

-athenian empire got self absorbed
-got bossy in delian league

-league of greek city states maintained after persian wars
-athens got bossy and said they needed control of treausuerer and people couldnt leave

-sparta leaves delian league to join this
-other city states join and war breaks out

-sparta vs athens war
-over time caused oligarchy to form in athens
-sparta gets help from persia for naval power
-athens loses after navy gets destoryed at Lysander

-peace between sparta and persia
-persia gets city states from ionian revolt back

-war within greek city states
-thebes defeates sparta
-philospophy grows here

Father of alexander the great
took the throne from Amyntas [nephew]
fought the athens
-has professional paid army
-was a soilder

-athens declines phillips invite to join empire and then they go to war
-athens and league of corinth (greek city state alliance) defeated at battle of Chaeronea

-son of phillip
-conquers persia and much of rest of world by age of 25
-his father phillip murdered and then he takes throne
-Makes capital in babylon and marries man people but mane piece is Roxane
-leaves soilders behind on conquests and says to get foreign wives

-Orestis [lover of phillip?] kills phillip
-when Alexander takes throne greek city states think he is weak
-they revolts but are immediatley clampes

-Alexander and Macedon taking over persia
-Emporer Darius III running persia, was weak asf
-alexander leaves empire to antipater while hes gone
-comes across darius II first time at battle of Issus and wins

-During Alexander's conquest
-Alexandeer conqueres palestine then egypt

-alexander vs persians
-alexander wins
-darius dies
-Persepolis is sacked and persian empire is gone

-where alexander stops his conquest
-battle of Hydapses river, indians are defeated but King Pauruva is appoited local ruler cuz alex was impressed with his fighting style
-in india troops mutany and say they have had enough of conquest want to go back home

-dies in babylon
-maybe from drinking to much
-says the throne should go to the strongest
-this causes chaos
-says this b/c thinks he is immortal

-alexanders followers trying to decide who will rule now
-also trying to figure out who will be in charge if roxanne has baby

-wants throne after alexander dies
-given ring by alexander which gives him authority
-says he should serve as protector of Phullip and baby

-half brother of alexander
-sped so cant take throne

-people close to phillip and alexander who want to take throne
-given control of providences while wait for baby

-roxanne is favorit wife of alexander
-pregnant when he dies
-son and her are murdered
-son makes it age 14 before murdered

-created after macedon destroyed adn broken up
-tons of people w diff politcla systems all speaking greek
-all have diff religeions and cultures causing new things

-involved in post alexander power vacume
-one of phillips close friends
-babysat greece during alexandeer conquest
-father of Cassander

-son of antipater
-kills roxanne and son when they say they should be in power

-another general of alexander in the power vaccum
-claims area of phrygia

-Anotigonus vs Cassander & Seleucus

-alexander general who becomes satrap of babylon wants to be king
-makes Seleucid dynasty that lasts long
- Says he now ruling kingdom of Antioch

-seleucid king
-doesnt fw hebrews
-tries to make jews polytheisitc
-starts rebellion

-Hebrews revolt against seulucids
-origin of hanukkah

-satrap of Egypt
-becomes own kingdom in egypt
-makes alexandria and serapeum

-in Ptolemaic dynsaty
-cultural oasis
-library of alexandria
-museum
-serapium templte

-made buy Ptolemaic dynasty
-mix Apis-Osiris-Zeus
-meant to bring all people together

-greekifying places
-model from alexander
-spread of greek languag (koine greek)
-art and architecture also spread

-starts off as monarchy then as republic, then as empire
-see themselves as inheritors of Greek world

-Latium inhabitied by 1400 bc is area they settled on
-settled on tiber river
-Etruscans ruled at first (not romans)
-palestine hill was earliest settling of rome

-not roman but ruled area rome was in at first
-from north of rome
-7 traditional kings ruled over rome throughout time

-Romulus and Remus are twins from mars (ares)
-left out to die by mother
-nursed by wolf then adopted by Faustles
-then go build walls
-Remes jumpsm over wall
-Romulus gets pressed and kills fim
-this is now rome

-originally rome all dudes
-invite sabine tribe over
-seive all their women but sabine women say not to fight them as piece

-roman thing
-like agora
-in central area of city

I know our love is forsaken (woo)But do you care if I was alive? (Whenever I'm back in the)Or do you wanna be famous? (Woo, yeah)

-charriot racing
-people would go and watch

-roman sewers
-romans good at running water

-roman
-men arguing over whose wife is best
-one man says his lucreita is
-prince Sextus Tarquinius one of men that go to see if she is
-falls in love w her and rapes her
-she kills herself
-they then rebel against etruscans, Lucius Junis Brutis is one of them
-leads to etruscans getting removed from rome

-2 elected consuls (exectuive branch)
-senate as legistlative branch

-roman politics
-patron was older and would mentor client as they would vote for their things
-client was younger and would be helped by patron

-roman republic
-elite have domaninance
-patricians are elete
-plebes are poor
-plebes slowly get more rights by going on strikes
-law of twelve tables tells them their rights and they can see it posted up in forum

-conservatism and traditionalism
-honor novelty
-have state made releigon
-cheap knock off of greeks

-roman religeion virgins
-preistests
-kept eternal flame of greece alive

roman head preist

-places in italy voluntary give rule to them
-give people they ruling many rights, keeping them happy happy
-expand into mediteanian basin, Seleucid Asia and Ptolemaic Egypt

-series of wars between rome and pheonicians
-first one is over sicily rome wins

-rome almsot loses
-general hannibal goes through land to suprise them
-gets sticky w it but eventuially General scipio beats him

-Rome Gains all of Punic territory
-pheonicians get consumed by rome

Sargon, a commoner, rises to power and becomes the first king of the Akkadian Empire.
His birth is shrouded in mystery, and he is placed in a basket on a river like the biblical Moses.
Sargon's reign marks a significant historical and political shift in the region.

The father imparts wisdom to his son, emphasizing qualities like humility, kindness, and leadership.
The advice reflects the societal values of the time, offering guidance for personal and moral development.

Hammurabi, the Babylonian king, establishes a comprehensive legal code engraved on a stele.
The code covers various aspects of life, including justice, commerce, and family matters.
It is one of the earliest examples of a written legal system.

An ancient Egyptian hymn praising the Nile River for its life-giving properties.
It highlights the river's role in sustaining agriculture, providing abundance, and symbolizing divine blessings.

Akhenaten, an Egyptian pharaoh, introduces a monotheistic worship of the sun god Aten.
The hymn expresses praise for Aten's creative and life-giving powers.
Akhenaten's religious reforms were a significant departure from traditional Egyptian polytheism.

Moses receives the Ten Commandments, a set of ethical and moral principles, on Mount Sinai.
The commandments include guidelines for worship, morality, and social behavior.
They form the foundation of moral and legal principles in Judaism and Christianity.

Israelites engage in idolatry and immoral practices with the Moabites.
This leads to divine punishment and a plague among the Israelites.
The story highlights the consequences of turning away from the worship of the God of Israel.

David, a shepherd and warrior, becomes the second king of Israel after Saul.
His rise to power includes his victory over Goliath and his anointing by the prophet Samuel.
David's reign is marked by military success, establishing Jerusalem as the capital, and his covenant with God.

Sennacherib, the Assyrian king, conducts military campaigns to expand the Assyrian Empire.
The campaigns involve conquests, sieges, and the capture of various cities.
These events are recorded in Assyrian annals, providing historical insights into ancient military campaigns.

The city of Suru in the region of Bit-Halupe rebels against a ruling power or authority.
The reasons for the revolt, the leaders involved, and the consequences are likely detailed in historical records of the time.
This event represents a localized historical episode within the broader context of ancient political struggles.

Herodotus, the Greek historian, describes various customs, traditions, and practices of the Persian people.
He explores aspects of Persian culture, governance, and social life, offering insights into their way of life.

Cyrus, the Persian king, issues a decree allowing the Jewish people to return to their homeland after the Babylonian exile.
This decree is significant in Jewish history, as it marks the end of the exile and the beginning of the rebuilding of the Temple in Jerusalem.

Thucydides, an ancient Greek historian, delves into the early history of the Hellenic people.
He likely covers the origins, migrations, and early civilizations that contributed to the formation of Greek society.

Xenophon, another Greek historian and philosopher, provides insights into the political and social structure of Sparta.
He details the Spartan constitution, education system, and the role of the citizen-soldiers known as the Spartiates.

Herodotus recounts the historical events surrounding Xerxes, the Persian king, and his invasion of Greece.
The narrative covers the famous battles of Thermopylae and Salamis and the broader Greco-Persian Wars.
Herodotus provides a detailed account of Xerxes' campaign and the subsequent Greek victories.

Thucydides records the famous funeral oration delivered by Pericles, an Athenian statesman, during the Peloponnesian War.
Pericles praises the virtues of Athenian democracy, honors fallen soldiers, and emphasizes the importance of individual responsibility for the greater good.
The oration reflects Pericles' vision for Athens and its democratic ideals.

Justin provides an account of the early reign of Philip II of Macedon, father of Alexander the Great.
The narrative likely covers Philip's rise to power, military campaigns, and efforts to consolidate and expand the Macedonian kingdom.

Diodorus Siculus recounts the Battle of Chaeronea, a significant conflict in 338 BCE between the Macedonian forces led by Philip II and Alexander the Great against the combined Greek city-states.
The battle resulted in the defeat of the Greek city-states, marking the end of their independence and the rise of Macedonian hegemony.

Arrian records a speech attributed to Alexander the Great, likely delivered to his troops during his military campaigns.
The speech may include motivational elements, strategic considerations, and Alexander's vision for his conquests and the empire.

Livy recounts the tragic story of the rape of Lucretia, a Roman noblewoman, by Sextus Tarquinius.
Lucretia's subsequent suicide sparks the overthrow of the Roman monarchy and the establishment of the Roman Republic.
The tale emphasizes themes of honor, virtue, and the role of individuals in shaping historical events.

The Roman Republic implemented a system of checks and balances to distribute power among different branches of government.
This system involved the Senate, the popular assemblies, and various magistrates, ensuring that no single entity held unchecked authority.
The checks and balances were designed to prevent the abuse of power and maintain the stability of the Republic.

Cornelius Nepos provides a biographical account of Hannibal, the Carthaginian military commander known for his role in the Second Punic War against Rome.
The narrative likely covers Hannibal's early life, military strategies, and his famous crossing of the Alps to invade Italy.

Polybius, a Greek historian, offers an account of the Battle of Cannae (216 BCE) during the Second Punic War.
The battle was fought between the Roman Republic and the Carthaginian forces led by Hannibal.
Hannibal's tactical brilliance and the devastating Roman defeat at Cannae are key features of the narrative.