cognition

3 Steps in the Human memory System

the processing of information into the memory system.

the process of retaining encoded information over time.

the process of getting information out of memory storage.

the processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously.

the immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system.

activated memory that holds few items briefly.

the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system.

memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and declare.

Encoding that requires attention and conscious effort.

unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency and of well-learned information such as word meaning.

a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli, a picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second.

a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli. If attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds.

organizing items into familiar, manageable units.

memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices.

the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than massed study.

Cramming

enhanced memory after retrieval rather than simply rereading.

encoding on a basic level based on word structure and appearance.

encoding semantically based on the meaning of words - yields best retention.

learning that has persisted over time through the storage and retrieval of information.

part of the brain that helps process explicit memories for storage

part of the brain that plays an important part in forming and storing of implicit memories.

Part of the brain responsible for emotion-related memory formation.

an increase in a synapse's firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation

a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event.

recall, recognition, and relearning

A measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier

A measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned

A measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material again

the activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory

the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one's current good or bad mood

our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list

Our tendency to recall best the last items on a list

Our tendency to recall best the first items on a list

an inability to form new memories

an inability to retrieve information from one's past.

occurs when prior learning disrupts your recall of new information

the disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information

Defense mechanism by which anxiety-provoking thoughts and feelings are forced to the unconscious.

incorporating misleading information into one's memory of an event

attributing to the wrong source an event we have experienced, heard about, read about, or imagined

that eerie sense that "I've experienced this before"

All the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.

a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people

The ability to create novel and valuable ideas

narrows the available problem solutions to determine the single best solution.

expands the number of possible problem solutions

A methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem.

A simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgements and solve problems efficiently

a sudden realization of a problem's solution; contrasts with strategy-based solutions

A tendency to search for information that confirms one's preconceptions

A tendency to repeat solutions that have yielded positive results at some time in the past.

Knowing or sensing something without the use of reason; an insight

Judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent particular prototypes.

estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory

The tendency to be more confident than correct

clinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited

the way an issue is posed; this can significantly affect decisions and judgments.

our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning

in language, the smallest distinctive sound unit

In a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning

A system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others

impairment of language, usually caused by Left Hemisphere damage to Brocas area or Wernickes.

controls language expression

controls language reception

Whorf's hypothesis that language determines the way we think