Lecture 6

the capacity to cause change to work

the energy of motion

1. Thermal Energy: associated with random movement of atoms
2. Light Energy: harnessed during photosynthesis

Energy that matter possesses as a result of its location or structure. It is also stored energy.

1. electrons in the electron shell and their bonds between atoms.
2 Chemical Energy: potential energy released from a chemical reaction

energy can nit be created or destroyed.
Different energies can be converted to different forms of energy,

States that energy transfer or change, increases the disorder in the system called entropy,

the randomness of molecules in a system aka unuable energy (S)

the total energy available for work in any system. aka usable energy(G)

Usuable energy(G)+unsuable energy(S)

enthalpy (H)

GIbbs Free Energy (G)

change in enthalpy (H)- Abosulte Temeperatue (T)x change in entropy(S)

chemical reactions that releases energy typically in the form of heat or light (-)
products have lower free energy than reactants

chemical reactions that absorb energy (+)
productrs have higher free energy than reactants

positive: endergonic.
negative: exergonic

Endergonic: photosynthesis.
Exergonic: Combustion of Methane

1. cellular respiration
2. digestion of food

1. Muscle contraction
2. protien synthesis
3. transport ions across cell membrane

Canabolism: breakdown of molecules to release energy.
Anabolism: synthesis of molecules from simpler compounds

a series of reactions catalyzed by enzymes ina specific order to conver a substrate into a product.

the enrgy released from a catabolic rxn is used to drive anabolic rxns.

the primary energty currency of cells. It plays a major role in energy coupling.

biological molecules that catalyze chemical reactions.
proteins or rRNA that perform a specific function within cells without being consumed or altered in the process.

by binding to a specific substrate molecules. this binding causes a conformational change in the enzyme that brings the substrate into the correct orientation for a reaction to occur.

by providing analternate reaction pathway with a lower energy barrier.They form temporary bonds with substrate molecules which helps to bring reactants into the correct position/orientation for a reaction to occur.

they allow cells to carry out the necessary chemical rxns to sustain life with using very little energy.

dogestion, metabolism, DNA replication, cell signalling.

the study of energy tranformations in the collection of matter.

increase in disorganization