CIVE 321 Exam 1

the extension of principles from envrionmental science to solve complex environmental problems

landscape architecture, cooling and heating of buildings, management and education with stormwater

from a discrete, identifiable location; can usually be measured directly or quantified

Point source

sewage outfall, smoke stack

Examples of a point source

those not defined as point sources

Non-point source

auto exhaust, agricultrual and municipal runoff

Examples of a non-point source

Source reducation (energy efficiency), recycling, treatment, disposal

Waste management hierarchy (from best to worst approach)

treating waste streams to minimize impact on public health and environment

Treatment

transport off-site and reprocess to become a feedstock

Recycling

reduce waste quantity/toxicity at source of production

Source Reduction

place in an engineered landfill to avoid impact on public health and environment

Disposal

flow to sewers from illicit drain pipes that should be routed to storm sewer (especially during rainstorms)

Inflow

smoke bombs

groundwater entering sewer pipes

Infiltration

engineering new systems

carry municipal wastewater from home and commerical buildings

Sanitary sewers

accommodate both municipal wastewater and stormwater

Combined sewers

compilation of regulations updated annually; Title 40 deals with the environment

CFR / Code of Federal Regulations

published each working day for the US government with announcements, regulation drafts, and new regulations

Federal Register

balancing social responsibility, corporate and societal prosperity, and protection for the environmental so that together they lead to an improved quality of life for ourselves and future generations

Sustainability

people, prosperity, and the planet

conservation of mass (matter cannot be created or destroyed)

Underlying physical law for material balances

Material balances

no net change in mass in a system over time

steady state

assumed to have a constant reaction rate, so the pollutant reaction terms stays the same (use -VkC for reaction term)

stays in same form in system

Conservative substance

will undergo a reaction in system

Nonconservative substance

rate of mass accumulation is zero

reaction term is zero

accumulation is nonzero, flow in and flow out are zero

tanks where chemical and biological reactions are performed

Reactor

beaker, concrete basin, lake, pond, city

batch, plug flow, completely-mixed flow

no flow in or out during reaction time; convenient for reaction rate studies; used for small treatment plants

Batch reactor

input moves a plug through system; no mixing in direction of flow

Plug Flow reactor

concentration in reactor is instantly and completely mixed; concentration is same everywhere in tank and in effluent

plug flow reactor, pulse input

completely mixed reactor, pulse input

plug flow reactor, step input

completely mixed reactor, step input

The reaction rate is directly proportional to initial concentration for a first order reaction since r = kC.

Oxygen Demanding Matter, Pathogens, Nutrients, Salts, Toxic Organic Chemicals, Toxic Metals, Suspended solids, Heat, Contaminants of emerging concern (CEC), Unregulated Drinking Water Contaminents

sewage, industrial wastes, animal wastes

cholera, dysentery, typhoid, polio, hepatitius, giardia

National Pollution Discharge Elimination System

the types and amounts of pollutants that may be discharged into water bodies

Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule

Manganese

Total Maximum Daily Load

the maximum amount of pollutant that a waterbody can receive and still meet water quality standards

any chemical that interferes with the body's endocrine system, resulting in developmental, reproductive, neurological, or immune deficiencies in humans and animals

Endocrine disruptor

Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products; products used in personal healthcare, cosmetics, and medicated product that contain a collection of thousands of chemical compounds

Biochemical oxygen demand; measures O2 consumed by microbes as they oxidize organic compounds and grow new cells

Theoretical oxygen demand

1. analysis of stream assimilative capacity 2. quantifying the estimated biodegradability of a waste stream 3. monitoring and control of wastewater treatment plants 4. regulation of discharges to natural waters

1. Toxins can inhibit organisms 2. Seed variability 3. Length of incubation time 4. Nitrification may occur

Chemical oxygen demand; more rapid than BOD, organic chemicals oxidized chemically instead of biologically

many wastewaters contain ammonia, which can be oxidized biologically to nitrate

the process through which oxygen from the air dissolves into rivers and replenishes dissolved oxygen

the process through which the concentration of dissolved oxygen in rivers decreases

predict minimum DO in order to determine if better treatment of water prior to discharge is needed to raise DO at a critical point

steady state, plug flow, complete mixing in lateral direction, stream velocity is constant

source/sinks ignored; NBOD not included; non-point sources not included; mutliple point sources are handled by dividing the river up into segments

seasonal variation in air and water temperatures result in different density layers in lakes throughout the year

turnover/mixing in the fall and spring, stratification in the winter and summer

epilimnion, metalimnion, hypolimnion

increase in algae growth caused by high nutrient concentrations in lakes in the spring (can cause DO fluctuations and toxic biological products)

low nitrogen/phospherous fertilizer, low phospherous detergent, dredging phospherous-rich sediments, P-precip with Alum