All cards
1
How did Galton view intelligence and when?
1869
Ability that runs through families
Differences in intelligence completely biological
Prestigious men pass on something to their sons to make them prestigious
Advocated for eugenics
Ability that runs through families
Differences in intelligence completely biological
Prestigious men pass on something to their sons to make them prestigious
Advocated for eugenics
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What did Cattell do?
Devised battery of mental tests
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Evaluate Cattell
- Wissler used correlational analyses: Cattell's attempt to test IQ failed both criteria for testing intelligence
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What did Binet do?
Designed several very different tests
Ranked children according to mental age of a child (compared children's scores to average score of children at their age)
Ranked children according to mental age of a child (compared children's scores to average score of children at their age)
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How to calculate ratio IQ
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What did Wechsler do and when?
Created the Adult Intelligence Scale - III
1997
1997
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Define correlation matrix
Every subtest correlated with all other subtests
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Children's IQ score correlate positively with the 6 following environmental factors:
Parent's income
Occupational status
Neighbourhood
Type of accommodation
No. of other children in family
Birth order
Occupational status
Neighbourhood
Type of accommodation
No. of other children in family
Birth order
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Other than validity, what should IQ scores also have?
High reliability
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Evidence for high reliability in IQ scores
Deary et al 2004
Scottish Mental Survey taken at 11y and 77y
Positive correlation between IQ test scores taken at both ages
Scottish Mental Survey taken at 11y and 77y
Positive correlation between IQ test scores taken at both ages
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What 3 things should IQ tests correlate with?
All items/questionnaires within a test
With other IQ tests, despite difference in item/question type
Independent measures of ability
With other IQ tests, despite difference in item/question type
Independent measures of ability
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Define heritability
Measure of current variance in a trait in a population that can be attributed to genetic variations within the population
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2 features of heritbility and explaun
Temporary - can change with changes in environment if those changes influence that particular trait
Local - heritability in 1 population cannot be assumed in different population
Local - heritability in 1 population cannot be assumed in different population
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Average correlation in a trait between 2 random ppl from the population =
0
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Correlation between genetically related individuals > 0
What does this suggest about heritability?
What does this suggest about heritability?
Trait has some heritability
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Correlation between genetically unrelated individuals > 0
What does this suggest about heritability?
What does this suggest about heritability?
Some environmental effect on heritability of trait
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Method of separating genetic from environmental influences
Adoption studies of separated twins
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Limitation of using separated adopted twin studies
Shared environment assumed to be 0%
BUT often attend same schools, live with different family member but part of same extended family
BUT often attend same schools, live with different family member but part of same extended family
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IQ heritability estimates from twin studies
Panisson et al - heritability estimates ~57-86%
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2 limitations of twin studies
- Equal environments assumption (MZ and DZ share equally similar environments) may not be true, MZ far more similar environments than DZ, but is this the reason for difference in IQ?
- Some claim that twin studies include mis-diagnosed twin pairs
- Some claim that twin studies include mis-diagnosed twin pairs
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What does it suggest if:
Correlation between DZ twins <1
Correlation between DZ twins <1
Suggests environment effects 50% more than genetic effects
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What is suggested to be the driving force behind IQ variation?
Variation in the general factor g
Causes individual differences in IQ in the population
Causes individual differences in IQ in the population
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Define g
Correlation that is found between all subsets in an IQ test
Variation in g factor causes individual differences in IQ
Variation in g factor causes individual differences in IQ
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How is g calculated?
From factor analysis
Everything correlating with one another is g
Everything correlating with one another is g
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What is often believed to be the purest measure of g?
Raven's matrices
Consistently been found to correlate the best with all other IQ tests
Consistently been found to correlate the best with all other IQ tests
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What does Spearman suggest?
High correlations between IQ tests mean that g determines the level of performance across all IQ tests
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What does Thurston suggest?
Imperfect correlations mean intelligence is comprised of several independent abilities
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What kind of subtests do performance subtests best correlate with?
Other performance subtests
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What kind of subtests do verbal subtests best correlate with?
Other verbal subtests
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What does factor analysis reflect about IQ?
Reflects grouping of IQ test inter-correlations within a complex matrix
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Outline the 5 types of general intelligence according to factor analysis
Gc - crystallised (vocab, comprehension, info)
Gf - fluid (Raven's, Tower of Hanoi)
Gv - visual (paper folding)
Gs - speed (finding A's)
Gr - retrieval (Wechsler's digit span backwards)
Gf - fluid (Raven's, Tower of Hanoi)
Gv - visual (paper folding)
Gs - speed (finding A's)
Gr - retrieval (Wechsler's digit span backwards)
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What sex differences were found in the Wechsler tests and by who/when?
Mackintosh 2011
Men > women: info, comprehension, arithmetic
Women > men: similarities, vocab, digit symbol
Men > women: info, comprehension, arithmetic
Women > men: similarities, vocab, digit symbol
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In which tests have sex differences been found and by who?
Mackintosh 2011
Wechsler
General Aptitude Test Battery (GATB)
etc.
Wechsler
General Aptitude Test Battery (GATB)
etc.
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Limitation of Raven's Matrices as a measure of g
- Sex differences found within Raven's matrices
Lynn 2004 = male advantage
Burgaleta 2012 = female advantage
There should be no sex differences so not a completely accurate measure of g
Lynn 2004 = male advantage
Burgaleta 2012 = female advantage
There should be no sex differences so not a completely accurate measure of g
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What did Lynn, Allik and Irwing find and when?
2004
Raven's Matrices may be measuring more than just g
Also measures:
Perceptual visualisation factor
Verbal analytic factor
Visuospatial factor
Raven's Matrices may be measuring more than just g
Also measures:
Perceptual visualisation factor
Verbal analytic factor
Visuospatial factor
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What did Plaisted, Bell and Mackintosh find and when?
2011
No sex differences on some Raven's Matrices items (A1)
Male advantage on other items (A2)
No sex differences on some Raven's Matrices items (A1)
Male advantage on other items (A2)
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What did Jensen 'find' and when?
1982
IQ score mean:
White = 102
Black = 86
Claimed black-white differences due to genetics
Concluded this because he 'found' that IQ in black ppl didn't increase with socioeconomic status (but it did in white ppl)
IQ score mean:
White = 102
Black = 86
Claimed black-white differences due to genetics
Concluded this because he 'found' that IQ in black ppl didn't increase with socioeconomic status (but it did in white ppl)
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Evaluate Jensen
- Materials used might be more familiar to white
- Ignores culture
- Scientific racism
- Ignores culture
- Scientific racism
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Evidence for black-white IQ gap not being genetic
Decrease in black-white gap over time
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Possible explanation for black-white IQ gap (environmental factors that might effect IQ)
Mackintosh 2011 - anxiety
BUT digit span most affected by anxiety but this is the one black children performed the highest on
Socioeconomic status
Mixed vs segregated schools
Adoption of black children by white parents
Intensive early education interventions
BUT digit span most affected by anxiety but this is the one black children performed the highest on
Socioeconomic status
Mixed vs segregated schools
Adoption of black children by white parents
Intensive early education interventions
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What did Sharma find and when?
1971
Indian chidlren's scores on Raven's increased the longer the lived in Britain
Suggests education system plays a part
India = 81
< 2y in Britain = 84
> 6y in Britain = 104
Indian chidlren's scores on Raven's increased the longer the lived in Britain
Suggests education system plays a part
India = 81
< 2y in Britain = 84
> 6y in Britain = 104
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What did Steele and Aronson do and when?
1995
Pps from high SES, mix of black and white
Gave difficult items from Graduate Record Examination
3 conditions:
- Diagnostic: pps told test diagnoses intellectual ability
- Non diagnostic 1: problem solving task, non diagnostic of ability
- Non diagnostic 2: attempt test as a challenge
Black-white IQ difference only found in diagnostic group
Pps from high SES, mix of black and white
Gave difficult items from Graduate Record Examination
3 conditions:
- Diagnostic: pps told test diagnoses intellectual ability
- Non diagnostic 1: problem solving task, non diagnostic of ability
- Non diagnostic 2: attempt test as a challenge
Black-white IQ difference only found in diagnostic group