ENTC Textiles Review Exam 1

American Society for Testing and Materials E648

critical radiant flux test

A floorings ability to limit fire spread

flame placed 50 mm from specimen, moved into chamber and door closed, heated for 5 minutes

radiant heat energy left on the floor covering after flame extinguishes, higher CRF values means material can self extinguishs better

describe specific material performance, behaviors and attributes

given to products, processes and services that have met criteria based on standards

how a product, service, or method ranks based on a given scale, guidelines or standards

recommendations established by professional organizations

Develops and publishes international standards across various industries. Safe, Reliable, High quality

Oversees the creation and use of norms and guidelines that impact businesses in the US. Promotes use of U.S. standards internationally

Develops and publishes voluntary consensus technical standards for a wide range of materials and services. consensus standards, developed with our international membership of volunteer technical experts, and innovative services to improve lives

develop the test methods the textile industry use to ensure product quality. provides test method development, quality control materials, and professional networking for thousands of members in 60 countries throughout the world

symbols for fabric specifications (flammability, wet/dry crocking, colorfastness to light, physical properties, abrasion

leading global advocate for the elimination of death, injury, property, and economic loss due to fire, electrical, and related hazards

test participating manufacturers’ furniture components to the new national flammability standard and to certain U.S. state requirements for toxic flame retardant chemicals

Publishes building codes to ensure safe construction

A model building code developed by the ICC to ensure safety in design, construction, and occupancy

Establishes minimum design and construction requirements for energy efficiency

Government agencies responsible for enforcing rules and standards to protect public safety and well-being

Focuses on national housing policies and programs.

Manages social security programs, including disability benefits.

helps federal agencies purchase products and services from commercial vendors at a low cost. provide centralized procurement for the federal government

Oversees civil aviation and regulates air traffic safety.

rotects the public from risks associated with consumer products.

evelops guidelines and protocols for medical treatment, long-term care, disability accommodations, and other services provided to veterans

focuses on the safety and health of workers in the mining industry

prohibit discrimination in housing-related activities based on protected characteristics, including: Race, Color, National origin, Religion, Sex, Familial status (such as having children or being pregnant), and Disability

time of ignition and initial fire growth

growth stage to the flashover stage, where everything in the space ignites simultaneously

fully developed post-flashover fire

Methods to determine how textiles react to fire

Provide reasonably accurate predictions for performance

Used with large-scale textile window coverings, soft floorings, and mattresses

Most accurate data, Room or corridor size conditions at Stage 3

ndividual materials—like foam, fabric, or padding—are exposed to a specific heat source (usually a smoldering cigarette or similar item) to assess their potential to ignite or sustain smoldering without open flame, class rating

simulates how materials (like fabric, padding, and foam) work together in a finished product to resist smoldering combustion, typically caused by a smoldering cigarette or ember. pass/fail evaluation

self-regulated tests focus on evaluating the smolder resistance of upholstered furniture and components, primarily to address fire safety concerns, pass/fail evaluation

examines the chemicals that may be emitted when these materials burn, smolder, or degrade, and assesses their potential impact on human health and the environment

law that requires businesses to provide warnings if products expose consumers to chemicals known to cause cancer or reproductive harm, often related to toxic flame retardants in furniture

evaluates the potential release of harmful substances from individual components of a product, such as fabrics, foams, adhesives, or coatings, when exposed to certain conditions like heat, combustion, or chemical reactions

Steiner Tunnel Test, Smolder Resistance Test, Smoke Density Test

Smolder Resistance Test, Upholstered Seating Test, Mattress Test

thin, hair-like materials that come from plants, animals, or minerals, and are spun into threads and yarns to create fabrics

processing natural or synthetic polymers into a fiber forming substance

Fibers derived from animal sources like wool and silk

Fibers derived from plants, such as cotton and flax

Fibers sourced from minerals, like asbestos and basalt

Made from natural materials (e.g., cellulose) that are chemically processed (e.g., rayon)

Made from petrochemicals through polymerization processes

Made from renewable biological sources

fibers derived from minerals

have varying physical structures, chemical compositions and molecular arrangements, Have comparatively high ratios of length to width

provides a scale for the heaviness (largely related to thickness) of fibers in a fabric

Contribute to fabric performance, Predict end-use performance of particular textile item

he way light is reflected by a fabric's surface

the way a fabric feels (warm, cool, slick, soft, bulky, thin)

the way fabric falls over a three-dimensional form

the nature of the fabric surface

degree by which a fabric is able to withstand loss of appearance through surface wear, rubbing, chafing, and other frictional actions.

Property of fibers related to their ability to be bent or folded.

number of pounds of resistance that a fabric will give before the material is broken on the testing machine

capacity to be prolonged or lengthened which is defined as a percentage of the initial length of fiber.

capacity of the fibers to hold together during spinning which depends on fiber crimp and twisting process

fabric's ability to resist UV radiation

resistance to insect damage

ability of a fabric to spring back to its original shape after being twisted, crushed, wrinkled, or distorted in any way.

The ability of a fabric to spring back to its original shape after bearing weight

A fabric’s ability to shed or hide soil

resistance to shrinkage, stretching, or warping after being exposed to various treatments or environmental conditions

formation of balls of fiber on fabric surfaces

Ability to attract or resist oils

ability of a fabric to take in moisture. very important property, which effects many other characteristics such as skin comfort, static build-up, shrinkage, stain removal, water repellency, and wrinkle recovery

ability to transfer heat

ability to conceal or protect

measure of fiber weight ---weight in grams per cubic centimeter

affect of acids, alkalis, oxidizing agents, solvents, etc

reaction to heat and manner of burning, Flammable fiber, Flame-resistant fiber, Noncombustible fiber, Fireproof fiber

Limiting oxygen index, Heat of combustion values

Static Electricity, Threshold of sensitivity, Conductor, Insulation

any treatments required to maintain the new look of a textile product during use and care

Most important natural fiber in the world, Ginning process removes foreign matter from the seed, Lint is used for yarn production, Linters is a by product used for
batting, rayon, pape

Linen refers to the cloth made from this plant, “Linens” are clothing or household articles made of linen cloth or similar fabric, long in length, textural, low flexibility

make cloth, cosmetics, rope, printer's ink, wood preservative, detergents, soaps, and lighting oil, has a texture similar to linen, Long in length, High luster, Strong, Mildew resistant

long, soft, shiny vegetable fiber that can be spun into coarse, strong threads, one of the most affordable natural fibers, and second only to cotton in the amount
produced and variety of uses, fibers are off-white to brown, and 3–13 feet long

species of Agave native to southern Mexico but widely cultivated and naturalized in many other countries, fiber is traditionally used for rope and twine, and has
many other uses, including paper, cloth, footwear, hats, bags, carpets, and dartboards

obtained form the silkworm cocoon, Known for its softness, comfort, and luster, Sericulture refers to the cultivation

hollow interior gives insulating power, Crimp gives resiliency, Exterior scales gives stain resistance, Flame resistant, excellent absorbency, Moisture regain is high, They have poor resistance to alkalis (bleach) but good resistance to acids (vinegar), They have good elasticity and resiliency

Made by using raw materials derived from natural products, minerals, synthetic chemicals, or a combination of these, Obtain fiber-forming substances, Force the
solution through an opening in the spinneret as shown to form a fiber, Solidify the fiber, Draw (stretch) to give the fiber strength

device used in the production of synthetic and regenerated fibers to create long, continuous filaments. It is a metal plate with tiny holes, similar to a showerhead, through which liquid fiber-forming substances (like polymer solutions or molten material) are extruded to form fibers

silky, luxurious appearance and is often used as a cheaper alternative to silk in garments and textiles, regenerated cellulosic fiber, silk imitation

regenerated cellulose fiber made from wood pulp, typically sourced from eucalyptus, beech, or bamboo trees, known for being soft, breathable, and highly absorbent, making it popular for a wide range of clothing, home textiles, and other products

regenerated cellulose fiber, one of the earliest synthetic fibers, created as an alternative to silk due to its similar softness and appearance. It is versatile and used in a wide range of applications, from clothing to home textiles

similar to cotton, the first of the manufactured fibers to be developed, made from cellulose-based fibers that originate from plants such as wood pulp; a chemical is added to extract the cellulose fibers

artificial wool, made from the combination of coal, air, water, oil, and limestone, in dry spinning, the dissolved polymers are extruded into warm air. The fibers solidify by evaporation. In wet spinning, the polymer is dissolved and extruded into a bath and then dried, has wool’s warmth and softness but does not absorb water. Instead, it wicks moisture to the surface where it evaporates

Resists abrasion (but can “pill”), Very resilient (springs back into shape), Resist wrinkling, Very high heat can “melt” the fabric, The right amount of heat can be used to permanently “heat set” a crease or pleat, Easy to wash and wear, Does not absorb water (can be uncomfortable when worn next to the skin in warm weather unless loosely woven), Dries quickly, Attracts static electricity which also attracts dirt and lint, Although they do NOT absorb water, they DO absorb oil and grease, This means synthetics resist soiling, but once an oil-based stain soaks in, it can be difficult to clean, Lightweight and fairly strong, Acrylic can bulk to look like wool, Drapes well and accepts dye easily

does not absorb water – has static electricity, similar to silk. used in sheer hosiery, sails, parachutes, blouses, gowns and veils, swimsuits, lingerie, and even car tires, has also replaced wool as the fiber most used in carpets. air-texturing adds bulk to the nylon to make it useful as a floor covering, About 8 billion pounds are produced each year in the U.S, durable, strong and resists abrasion, made of polymers known as polyamides which contain carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, and hydrogen, Solid chips of these polyamides are melted and forced through a heated spinneret, The spinneret has from one to hundreds of holes, Their size and shape change the characteristics of the resulting fiber, The fiber solidifies as it cools, and can then be spun or woven

Lightweight, Exceptional strength, Good drapeability, Abrasion resistant, Easy to wash, Resists shrinkage and wrinkling, resilient, pleat retentive, Fast drying, low moisture absorbency, Can be dyed in a wide range of colors, Resistant to damage from oil and many chemicals, Static and pilling can be a problem, Poor resistance to continuous sunlight

most commonly used synthetic fiber, made by reacting dicarboxylic acid with a dihydric alcohol. This base material can be used to make many things, from soda bottles to boats, as well as clothing fibers, melt-spun, alter the size and shape of polyester fibers to look and feel more like natural fibers, microfiber softer now

Resists abrasion (but can “pill”), Very resilient (springs back into shape), Resist wrinkling, Very high heat can “melt” the fabric, The right amount of heat can be used to permanently “heat set” a crease or pleat, Easy to wash and wear, Does not absorb water (can be uncomfortable when worn next to the skin in warm weather unless loosely woven), Dries quickly, Attracts static electricity which also attracts dirt and lint, Although they do NOT absorb water, they DO absorb oil and grease, This means synthetics resist soiling, but once an oil-based stain soaks in, it can be difficult to clean, Often blended with cotton or even wool to add
crease resistance, Polyester does not absorb water, but it can be produced in such a way as to “wick” water away from the skin, strong fiber

lustrous white translucent fibers with good draping qualities and a characteristic slightly waxy hand, excellent abrasion resistance, fair wrinkle resistance, The polyolefins have found a number of applications particularly in home furnishings and industrial fabrics

vinyl coated polyester is a material frequently used for flexible fabric structures, acts as a bonding or adhesive agent, and an exterior PVC coating. Upholstery, Trim, Carpet backing, Drapery backing, Bedding, Artificial leather

textiles are used in various applications, many dealing with construction, textiles are flexible in texture, and have consumer applications.

synthetic fiber known for its exceptional elasticity, invented in 1958, The base material used to make spandex is polyurethane

absorbent, withstands high temps, conductor of heat and electricity, low resiliency, and good compressibility

high resiliency, low density, high absorbency, absorbs moisture from the air, flame resistant, and weaker when wet

Highly absorbent, Washable, Soft, Smooth, Comfortable to wear, and Good drape

Synthetic fibers are made of synthetic materials, usually formed through chemical processes, The fibers are generally extracted during the chemical process
using a spinneret, which is a device that takes polymers to form fibers, The textile industry began creating synthetic fibers as cheaper and more easily mass-produced alternatives to natural fibers