Psych Sub-topic

Receive incoming neural signals

Carries outgoing neural signals

Insulates axon and speeds transmission

Release neurotransmitters into synapse

Gap between neurons where communication occurs

Sodium ions enter neuron making it more positive

Potassium ions leave neuron restoring negative charge

Brief time neuron cannot fire again

Increases likelihood neuron will fire

Decreases likelihood neuron will fire

Brain and spinal cord

All nerves outside CNS

Controls voluntary movements

Controls involuntary functions

Activates fight-or-flight response

Restores body to calm state

Minimum stimulus detected 50% of the time

Smallest detectable difference between stimuli

Detection depends on experience, expectations, alertness

Detect light, black/white, peripheral vision

Detect color and detail

Three types of cones detect red, green, blue

Colors processed in opposing pairs

Filling in gaps to perceive whole

Grouping nearby objects

Grouping similar items

Naturally triggers response

Automatic response

Previously neutral, now triggers response

Learned response

Initial learning of association

Weakening of learned response

Return of extinguished response

Responding to similar stimuli

Distinguishing stimuli

Add pleasant stimulus to increase behavior

Remove unpleasant stimulus to increase behavior

Add unpleasant stimulus to decrease behavior

Remove pleasant stimulus to decrease behavior

Reinforcement after set number of responses

Reinforcement after unpredictable responses

Reinforcement after fixed time

Reinforcement after unpredictable time

Better recall in same context as learning

Recall matches current mood

Recall matches physical/mental state

Controls attention in working memory

Processes auditory/verbal info

Processes visual/spatial info

Old info interferes with new

New info interferes with old

Judging based on similarity to prototype

Judging based on ease of recall

Fit new info into existing schema

Change schema to fit new info

Inability to see others’ perspectives

Understanding quantity stays same despite changes

Tasks child can do with help

Guidance provided during learning

Immediate environment

Interaction between environments

Indirect environment influences

Culture and societal norms

Time and life changes

Blocking distressing thoughts

Attributing own feelings to others

Redirecting emotions to safer target

Acting opposite of true feelings

Reverting to earlier behaviors

Blaming personality over situation

Attributing own actions to situation, others to personality

Credit success internally, blame failure externally

Improved performance in presence of others

Reduced effort in group

Desire for harmony overrides critical thinking

Initial stress response

Body adapts to stress

Body resources depleted

Directly addressing stressor

Managing emotional reaction

Arousal → emotion

Arousal + emotion simultaneously

Arousal + cognitive label → emotion

Reduce physiological discomfort

Behavior motivated by rewards

Motivation from autonomy, competence, relatedness

Added behaviors like hallucinations, delusions

Loss of normal functions like flat affect

False beliefs

False sensory experiences

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if you want next level, i can:
- combine both sets into a **perfect cram sheet**
- or give you **FRQ prompts where you must use these exact sub-terms** (hard mode, very AP accurate)