ANT 131

The study of humankind, viewed from the perspective of all people and all times

The study of evolution, variation, and adaptation of humans and their past/present relatives

The scientific study of the interrelationship between what humans have inherited genetically and culturally

Determining whether ideas are right or wrong. Data is gathered from observation of phenomena, hypotheses are formulated and tested, and conclusions are drawn

Bipedalism, Nonhoning Chewing, Dependence on Material Culture, Speech, Hunting, Domestication of Plants and Animals, Fixity of Species

Life on earth started simply and evolved into more complex forms, started with god now many species

Changes in physical structure, function, or behavior that allow an organism to reproduce/survive in a given environment

An outdated, refuted theory that the phenotype of an offspring was a uniform blend of the parents' phenotype

A merging of the theories of Darwin and Mendel, known as one of the greatest intellectual achievements of biology

The units of inheritance, accumulated in gametes to be passed onto offspring

The system of which two terms are used to denote a species of living organisms, indicating the genus and the specific species

A group of related species

A group of closely related organisms having the potential to interbreed and produce offspring

The process of interbreeding between members of different species

Cataclysmic events responsible for geologic changes throughout earth's history rather than evolutionary processes

The theory that processes that occurred in the geologic past are still at work today

The process by which some organisms with features that enable them to adapt to the environment, preferentially survive and reproduce

Circumstances that prevent two populations from interbreeding and exchanging genetic material

The passing on of physical or mental characteristics from one generation to another

Average number of offspring produced by parents with a particular genotype compared to parents with another genotype

Any reason for organisms with certain phenotypes to have either a survival benefit or disadvantage

Evolutionary change within a species or small group of organisms, especially over a short period

Major evolutionary change, mainly to the evolution of whole taxonomic groups over long periods of time

A good example of natural selection, with darker moths blending in easier

Inherited gene opposite of Lactose intolerance, allowing enjoyment of milk's nutritional benefits

The lack of a rich fossil record predating the rise of shelly invertebrates marking the beginning of the cambrian period

The father of modern genetics, whose observations provided the foundation for what we know about genetics

Mendel's first law, asserting that two alleles for any given gene are inherited one from each parent

Mendel's second law, asserting that the inheritance of one trait does not affect the inheritance of others

The condition in which the two alleles of a pair at a single locus on homologous chromosomes are the same

The condition in which two alleles of a pair at a single locus on homologous chromosomes are different

The genetic makeup of an organism, the combination of alleles for a given gene

The physical expression of the genotype, influenced by the environment

Expressed in an organism's phenotype, masking the effects of another allele if present

Expressed in an organism's phenotype if two copies are present but is masked if the dominant allele is present

Multicelled organisms whose cells have a membrane-bound nucleus containing both the genetic material and specialized organelles

Diploid cells that form the organs, tissues, and other parts of an organism's body

Sexual reproductive cells with a haploid number of chromosomes that can unite with a gamete of the opposite type to form a new organism

A cell that has a full complement of paired chromosomes

A cell that has a single set of unpaired chromosomes, half of the number of chromosomes as a diploid cell

DNA

A right twisted double helical structure

Replication leading to the production of new somatic or gametes

Molecules responsible for making a chemical copy of a gene needed for a specific protein

Molecules responsible for transporting amino acids to the ribosomes during protein synthesis

The process of creating protein molecules using DNA as the template

The creation of messenger RNA, the first step of protein synthesis

The process where a newly made precursor messenger RNA transcript is transformed into a mature messenger RNA

Noncoding DNA excised before protein synthesis

Coding DNA transcribed and translated during protein synthesis

The transfer of amino acids by tRNA to the ribosomes, added to the protein chain

A chemical bond that joins amino acids into a protein chain

The organelles attached to the surface of the endoplasmic reticulum, the site of protein synthesis

Membrane-bound structure in eukaryotic cells containing genetic material

The jellylike substance inside the cell membrane, where organelles are suspended

Sequences of three nitrogen bases carried by mRNA, coded to produce specific amino acids in protein synthesis

Sequences of three nitrogen bases carried by tRNA, match up with complementary mRNA codons, designating specific amino acids during protein synthesis

A compound consisting of a nucleoside linked to a phosphate group, forming the basic structural unit of nucleic acids

Bases chemically bonded together by hydrogen bonds, holding the two strands of the DNA molecule together

The basic unit of inheritance, a sequence of DNA on a chromosome, coded to produce a specific protein

The location on a chromosome of a specific gene

One or more alternative forms of a gene

Genes that determine when structural genes and other regulatory genes are turned on and off for protein synthesis

Pairs of chromosomes in humans, each paired in 23 homologous pairs

An individual's complete set of chromosomes

All chromosomes except the sex chromosomes that occur in pairs in all somatic cells

The pair of chromosomes that determine an organism's biological sex

The process of cellular and nuclear division that creates two identical diploid daughter cells

The process by which the genome's DNA is copied in cells

The production of gametes through one DNA replication and two cell divisions, creating four haploid gametic cells

The cell that results from a sperm's fertilization of an ovum

Responsible for differentiating specific segments of the body during embryological development

The exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes resulting from a crossover event

A change in the DNA sequence of an organism

A change in the single nucleotide of a genome

One of the nitrogen bases that make up DNA and RNA, pairing with Thymine in DNA and Uracil in RNA

One of the four nitrogen bases that make up DNA, pairing with Adenine

One of the nitrogen bases that make up DNA and RNA, pairing with Cytosine

One of the nitrogen bases that make up DNA and RNA, pairing with Guanine

One of the four nitrogen bases that make up RNA, pairing with Adenine

Characterized by the practice of breeding only within the population

Characterized by the practice of breeding outside the population

Composed of four blood types; A, B, AB, O

The basic principles associated with the transmission of genetic material forming the basis of genetics

Refers to one phenotypic trait affected by two or more genes

A unit passed from parent to offspring, manifesting in clear and separable differences in a population

A unit passed from parent to offspring, manifesting as a continuum along a spectrum

The early to mid-century formulation of evolutionary theory, referring to a population-oriented view of Mendelian genetics explaining the origin of biological diversity

Focuses on the changes in gene frequencies and the effects of those changes on adaptation and evolution

A gradual change in a phenotypic characteristic from one geographic population to the next

All the genetic information in a breeding population

The exchange of alleles between two populations

The random change in allele frequency from one generation to the next, with greater effect in small populations

A complete group of individuals

The accumulation of random genetic changes in a small population that has become isolated from the parent population

A rare disease that causes the breakdown of nerve cells in the brain

Inheriting one sickle cell gene and one normal gene, usually without symptoms but can pass it along to children

Red blood cells shaped like sickles or crescent moons

Selection maintaining two or more phenotypes for a specific gene in a population