Exam 2

extracellular fluid, intracellular fluid

intracellular

fluid in spaces between cells

movement of water molecules from solution wigh a high concnetration to a lower

decreased plasma osmolarity, water will travel into cells and become hypertonic while vessels are hypotonic

vessels are hypertonic, cells are hypotonic so cells will loose water to go to vessels

hypothalamus

decreased blood volume, bp, salivary secretions; increased blood osmolarity

dissociate in solution to form cations and anions and conduct electrical currents when dissolved

do not dissociate, mostly covalently bonded

sodium ion

high hypertension and bp

bp regulation by modulating blood volume, sodium reabsorption, potassium secretion, water reabsorption, vascular tone

los of BP (fluids or electrolytes)

liver

lungs

vasoconstriction to rasie BP, signal adrenal glands to produce aldosterone, stimulate thirst center, signal posterior pituitary to release ADH

signals kidneys to increase potassium and allow for sodium reabsorption

blood vessels constrict and fluid is reabsorb by kidneys, increase blood volume and bp

causes vasodilation and inhibits ADH (too much low bp)

ADH released, aldosterone secreted, thirst stimulated, angio II

carbon dioxide +water =carbonic acid=bicarbonate +acid

reabsorb and make bicarbonate buffers, excrete H+ into filtrate

anatacids and vomiting

protein, phosphate, bicarbonate

increase in carbon dioxide in blood which decreases pH and creates more free H+ IONS

steroids, biogenic amines, proteins

steroids

lipid soluable

liver via enzymatic degration, kidney excretion, target cell uptake

1. insert-remove receptors from membrances
2.G-coupled proteins: smooth muscle contraction, inhib transmitter release, heart muscle contraction
3. change gene activation

ADH and oxytocin

ADH

mobolize glucose, suppress nonvital organs, decreases inflammation, stay on high alert, stimulates fat and carb metabolism

circadian rhythm; peak at wake

cushing syndrome

islets of langerhans, alpha cells, beta cels, delta cells, acinar cells

Beta cella; decrease blood glucose

increase blood glucose and secret glucagon

inhibit alpha and beta cells

create digestive enzymes

block positive from leaving, membranes become more positive and depolarize

decreases blood glucose by inserting more transporters into membrane to allow glucose to enter and store as glycogen

peripheral muscle (increases glucose metabolism, synthesis, muscle mass, mito dys) adipose tissue (increase glucose metabolism, lipogen; decreases lipolysis) brain (increase hunger), liver (decrease glucose synthesis)

autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells, hyperglycemia, pancrease fails to produce insulin

insulin resistance, hyperglycemia in adulthood from too much insulin that cells aren't receptive

too much in the blood and diabetes

regulates most important organs and metabolic rate

tyrosine

Iodine

number of iodines

T3; increases breathing rate, HR, contraction, lipolysis, releases glucose from liver for enegery , reproduction, heat production, protein synthesis

low blood levels, cold weather, pregnancy, high altitude, hypoglycemia

Hperthyroidism, increased metabolic rate, weight loss, hyperactivity

hypothyroidism, decreased metabolic rat, lethargy, weight gain

more volume, more pressure

ang 2 to vasoconstrict, ADH increases water retention, aldosterone increases salt reabsorb

lower pressure, influences nephron substances to enter capillaries for absorption

1. cephalic- i see food- make gastric juice
2. gastric- food stretches stomach- gastrin and histimine
3. intestinal- food enters intestines-secretin and cck inhibit gastrin to release bile

hydrostatic bp drops below osmotic pressure but doesn't happen in bowmans capsule

levels would fall because of negative feedback

1. myogenic response
2. tubuloglomerular feedback
3. neural/hormonal

when tm of glucose is exceeded and glucose beigns to appear in the urine, causing more urine production because osmosis increases

impermeable to water; salts pumped out

permeable to water, impermeable to salts

paracellular and transcellular

adds iodine into tyrosine

hypothalamus

anterior pituitary

starts in oral cavity by salivary amylase
small intestine by pancreatic amylase

babies starts in mouth by lingual lipase
adults starts in stomach by gastric lipase
intestine by pancreatic lipase

starts in stomach by pepsin
intestine by trypsin

submandibular

1/3 skeletal, 2/3 smooth

create layer of mucus that protects stomach from acid

secrete HCL and intrinsic factor

secrete pepsinogen and gastric lipase

secrete gastrin

eats away at mucus layer and creates stomach ulcers

water +co2 combine to produce carbonic acid which dissociates into H+ and bicarbonate ion

1. gastrin
2.Histimine
3. Vagus nerve

liver makes bile, stored in gallbladder, released by CCK, enters duodenum to bind and emulsify fat for absorption

no it is broken down into bases

helps glomerus to filter blood

reabsorbs most of filtered Na+ ions

regulates extracellular fluid and electrolyte homeostasis

houses arterioles and accepts plasma; fenestrated

bowmans capsule, PCT, DCT, CT

85%, short loop close to peripheral cortex

15%, long loop extends deep itno medulla, salt balance

arrive at renal corpuscle to form glomerus

exit blood from glomerus and branches into peritubular capillaries

interwinned around PCT and DCT

forces fluid out

draws fluid in

rate at which volume of filtrate is formed; indicates how well kidneys are working

blood flows through glomerus-water and solutes diffuse into nephron-GFR makes filtrate-PCT- Loop Henle-DCT-collecting dcut-papillary duct-ureter-bladder-urethrea

max rate substance can be absorbed across epithelium per minute; has a limit

entire nephron tube by Aldosterone

CT by ADH

60% free in blood, rest bound to proteins by PTH

type A cells pump HCO3- into blood

type B cells pump H+ into blood

measure of kidney transport