Midterm

single muscle fiber cell- fasicle- muscle

plasma membrane; where action potential is generated along

oxidation of fat and protein

neural adaptations

standing barbell curl

criterion-referenced valitability

decreased EMG amplitude

Releases Ca+ ions due to Acetyl-CoA that attaches to troponin

Action potential moves down t-tubule to trigger release of Ca+ from SR

actin and myosin

thin filament that is surrounded by troponin and tropomyosin

thick filament; head attached to and pulls on actin which forms a crossbridge and pulls actin towards the center of the sarcomere

calcium binds with troponin, which causes troponin to drag tropomysoin off cross-bridge binding sites

action potential interacts with SR and T-tubules----> calcium release---->conformational change--->actin and myosin binding

bundle of fascicles surrounded by epimysium

bundles of muscle fibers surrounded by perimysium

muscle cell surrounded by endomysium

muscle shortens and contracts

muscle lengthens

no change in muscle length

attach muscle to bone

attach bone to bone

walking, distance running/cycling, resistance training for muscular endurance

sprinting, olympic weight lifting, baseball, football

brain and spinal cord

nerves and ganglia

sensory info travels from receptors to the CNS

Info from the CNS goes to effectors

senses rate of change in muscle length; stretch reflex

protective role to prevent injury from too much tension by relaxing muscle

bone adapts in response to stress; weight-bearing exercises increase bone mineral density

compares the O2 saturation of hemoglobin to partial pressure of O2 in blood

No, binding affinity increases very strongly until a plateua after 4 binds

core body temperature and blood acidity

an increaqse in body temperature like exercising will shift the curve right because there is less of an affinity and O2 is released more easily

muscular wall of the heart

2 atria

2 ventricles

sinoatrial node

carry blood away from the heart in a high pressure system

carry blood to heart in a low pressure system with 1 way valves

site of gas nad nutrient exchange

electrical impulses generated by the heart

atria contacts

ventricles contract

ventricle recovery

contraction of the heart

relaxation of the heart

systole BP/dystole BP

amount of blood pumped by the heart in 1 minute

CO=SVxHR

the greater the stretch of left ventricle the more forceful contraction and volume of blood ejected

volume of air during normal breathing

volume during max inhalation and exhalation

air left in lungs after vital capacity measure

air left in lungs after normal breathing

amount of O2 used by tissues of the body; VO2=COxa-VO2

diffusion

conversion of food into usable forms of energy

total of all anabolic and catabolic reactions

synthesis of large molecules from smaller ones; energy is used and stored

breakdown of large molecules into smaller ones; energy is released

source of ATP for short-term, high intensity activities; used at the start of all exercise; creatine phosphate broken down to replenish ATP

primary source of ATP for high intensity activity up to 2 minutes; breakdown of glucose to yeild ATP, pyruvate, H+

slowest reaction; PFK

2 net ATP from 1 glucose molecule or 3 ATP from glycogen

increased reliance on anaerobic mechanisms; lactate production increases with increased exercise intensity

2nd point of inflection on curve, near 4mmol/L

training near of above LT or OBLA changes point at which they occur, increased mitochondrial content, performance at higher VO2 max, greater aerobic ATP production

primary source ATP at rest (70% fats, 30% carbs, protein at starvation or >90 min) or aerobic activity,

triglycerides broken down into FFA that enter muscle and mitochondria, beta-oxidation turns them into acetyle-CoA and H+ that goes to kreb cycle and electron transport chain

pyruvate into mitochondria, converted to acteyl-CoA to enter Kreb cycle, NADH enters mitochondria and then electron transport chain

not significant source, protein broken down into amino acids and converted to replenish ATP

acteyl-CoA and NADH

movement without regards to forces

movement with respect to force: force, work, power, torque

bones

joints

active muscle

axis is in the middle, MA=1, tricep extension

resistance is in between the axis and applied force, MA>1, calf raise

applied force is between the axis and resistance, MA<1, bicep curl, most joints

force applied and length an object moves (joules), W=F(N)xD(m)

rate work is performed, P=work(J)/time(s)

acute fight or flight response

chronic probability that given person will see situations as threatening

decrease in symptoms with aerobic activity and low intensity resistence, increase endorphins, anti-depressive effects in social interaction and self efficacy

adults 55+ and physically fit

client has high degree of personal control and success comes with effort

client has little control as in social comparison

in between, more difficult but self reference

Specific Measurable Achievable Realistic Timely

objective, different testers get the same result when testing the same individual

person conductin test gets same result when testing same individual

resting heart rate under 60 beats/min

resting heart rate over 100 beats/min

sphygmomanometry; forces of blood acting against vessel walls emit sounds; korotkoff

body weight (kg)/height2 (m2)

highely accurate but need lots of skill and caliper

raw strength score

load relative to body weight

resting metabolic rate

repair and build tissue

primary fuel for athletic performance

low requirement but needed for vitamin absorption

body weight/2