Final 04/30/26

cluster of cognitive, behavioral, and physiological symptoms that show that a person continues using despite significant problems

loss of control over substance use, impaired control, social impairment, and poor impact on health

when a person requires increasingly larger amounts of a substance to achieve desired effect

shared risk factors, self-medicating for another disorder, or the substance use itself causes a new disorder to develop

suicide

floods circuits with dopamine, which is more intense and last longer than natural rewards

where a new generation starts using drugs that previously lost popularity and are unaware of the dangers associated

temporary, maladaptive experience involving behavioral or psychological changes caused by a substance in the body

the physiological and psychological changes that happen when a person stops taking a substance

occurs when the combined effect of two or more substances is greater than the effect of a substance taken alone

reversible form of neurocognitive disorder from long-term alcohol use that leads to the inability to learn new information or remember recent events

retrograde is the inability to remember things that happened in the past while anterograde amnesia is the inability to remember or form new information

research has found genetic associations related to how the body metabolizes alcohol and how neural signals are transmitted in the brain

inherited risk can combine with family, community, and cultural stressors to trigger the development of an alcohol or substance use disorder

opioid receptor antagonist that blocks the effects of the body's natural alcohol induced opioids

inhibits ALDH enzyme causing a person to have a severe physical reaction to consuming alcohol

synthetic opioid used to treat heroin addiction by producing a safer and more controlled reaction

amphetamines, cocaine, methamphetamine, caffeine, and nicotine have an activating effecting on the nervous system

pain-relievers; oxycodone, hydrocodone, morphine, codeine, and heroin

cause abnormal perceptions like illusions or hallucinations; LSD, peyote, psilocybin, PCP, and MDMA (ecstasy)

encourages people to not view a temporary lase as total failure

shows many of the same behaviors, including intense cravings, the need to increase the behavior for excitement, and negative social consequences

frequent exposure to gambling leads to distorted thinking and poor decision making regarding the odds of winning

permanent neurocognitive disorder caused by long-term alcohol use characterized by severe memory deficits like anterograde or retrograde amnesia

delirium appears abruptly and is temporary while Alzheimer's involves a progressive gradual decline over a long period of time

to show that these syndromes are caused by brain changes and to avoid the assumption that they only affect other adults

"a ""false"" neurocognitive disorder where cognitive symptoms like memory loss are actually caused by severe depression"

people with pseudodentia are more aware of their memory failures whereas those with Alzheimer's often lack insight into their decline

constellation of physical, emotional, and cognitive symptoms that persist for weeks or years after a milk traumatic brain injury

in pick's disease personality alterations and social disinhibition occur before memory problems

causes include substance intoxication/withdrawal, head injury, high fever, vitamin deficiency, and infections like UTIs

cognitive loss caused by a series of small infarcts (minor strokes) where blood flow to the brain is interrupted by clogged or burst arteries

the APOE gene located on chromosome 19

Akinesia (difficulty initiating movement) and bradykinesia (general slowing of motor activity)

caused by atypical protein particles that infect brain tissues, leading to irregular protein accumulations

Huntington's disease

neurofibrillary tangles (made of tau protein) and amyloid plaques

the cerebral cortex and the hippocampus

they become severely enlarged

subcortical structures specifically the basal ganglia

the frontal and temporal lobes of the cerebral cortex

subcortical brain structures and parts of the frontal cortex that control motor movements

chronic alcohol use

medications, illicit drugs, industrial solvents, and heavy metals like lead or mercury

before antiretroviral therapies, NCD was a common complication in the late stages

a rigid and maladaptive pattern of inner experience and behavior that deviates from a person's culture and can date back to adolescence

Cluster A (odd and eccentric) cluster B (dramatic and emotional) and cluster C (anxious and fearful)

odd and eccentric behaviors; paranoid, schizoid, and schizotypal personality disorders

dramatic and emotional behaviors; antisocial, borderline, histrionic, and narcissistic personality disorders

anxious and fearful behaviors; avoidant, dependent, and obsessive-compulsive personality disorders

an undue suspicion of others and being constantly on guard against potential harm or danger

indifference to social or sexual relationships and a limited range of emotional experience and expression

they hold odd beliefs (like magical thinking) have unusual perceptions, and may have an eccentric appearance

lack of regard for oral or legal standards, a lack of empathy or remorse, and a highly impulsive, risky lifestyle

a combination of psychopathy, extreme self-centeredness, and the tendency to treat other people as objects to be used

because they are resistant to insight therapists take a pragmatic approach, helping them meet their needs through prosocial ways like cooperation

instability in mood, interpersonal relationships, and self-image, along with poor impulse control and chronic feelings of emptiness

defense mechanism where a person perceives themselves or others as being all good or all bad

dialectical behavioral therapy (DBT), focusing on mindfulness and emotional regulation

exaggerated, theatrical emotional reactions and an extreme pleasure in being the center of attention

grandiose narcissism is an inflated, self-aggrandizing sense of self, while vulnerable narcissism involves an internally weak sense of self that becomes despondent when criticized

fearful of disapproval, rejection, and being ashamed, leading them to stay away from almost all social encounters

through graduated exposure, where clients are presented with increasingly difficult social situations to confront

being extremely passive and clingy, and being unable to make decisions or take independent action

people with OCPD don't experience actual obsessions or compulsions but have a rigid need for perfection and total control

people have unrealistic expectations about being perfect and believe they are worthless if they make a mistake

the theory that people with certain personality disorders mature out of their most intense symptoms as they get older

antisocial personality disorder

general principles are aspirational guides for ethical decision-making, while ethical standards are enforceable rules that psychologists must follow

psychologists must only provide services, teach, or conduct research within the boundaries of their education, training, and supervised experience

the requirement that clinicians be free of any diagnosable psychological disorders that could interfere with their work

ensure that clients understand the goals of treatment, their rights, risks involved, techniques used, and costs before they begin

it should outline treatment goals, risks, techniques, payment requirements, and the specific limits of confidentiality

the legal rule that a clinician cannot be forced to reveal information about a client in court without the client's permission

the clinician's legal and ethical responsibility to notify a potential victim if the client expresses a clear intent to harm them?

it's unethical if it impairs the psychologist's objectivity and effectiveness or if it risks exploiting or harming the person involved

sexual intimacy with current clients

the American Psychological Association (APA) sets these guidelines

while guidelines don't have legal power, state boards use strict codes based on them to issue and regulate professional licenses

must pass a standardized examination, complete a set of number supervised training hours, and receive recommendations from other licensed professionals

they are required to participate in a specific number of continuing education hours regularly

a person appointed by a court to represent the interest of a minor or a person unable to make their own decisions in legal matters

clinicians must balance the adolescent's need for privacy with the legal and ethical requirement to involve parents in the treatment process

Parens patriae

the ethical requirement to provide treatment in a setting that places the fewest possible constraints on a client's personal freedom