WGST 207 Final Review

the categories of male and female and the physical characteristics and properties of bodies places in these categories

assignment of masculine and feminine characteristics to bodies in cultural contexts

the activity of managing situated conduct in light of normative conceptions of attitudes and activities appropriate for one's sex category

audience is put into the perspective of a heterosexual male

a state of collective consent to inequality that is secured by the idea that it is inevitable, natural, or desirable

society of urban living, characterized by industrialization, consumer culture and use of technologies and progress

the idea that the culture of one dominant country completely overwhelms or erases the culture of another that is less powerful

a structure in which multiple hierarchies intersect to create a pyramid of privilege, leaving on top only those people who are advantaged in every hierarchy

a requirement that women balance their appropriation of masculine interests, traits, and activities with feminine performance

the attribution of positive traits to women that, nonetheless, justify women's subordination to men

the use of harassment, threats, and violence to enforce women's subservience to men

In Indian Hinduism, castes are hereditary social classes, usually based on occupation, that are enforced by custom, law and religion No inter-caste mobility is possible, unlike contemporary class stratification

elite culture, the forms of art and literature that are produced for artistic or noncommercial reasons.

is openly commercial and does not get judged or valued in the same way as artistic work

literally, "the rule of the father"; it refers to the control of female and younger male family members by select adult men, or patriarchs

the distribution of citizenship rights to certain classes of men

the legal requirement that men and women be treated more or less the same

the favoring of one sex over the other, both ideologically and in practice

the granting of higher status, respect, value, reward, and power to the masculine compared to the feminine

the placing of women into positions that make them subservient to or dependent on men

a phenomenon in which men abandon feminizing arenas of life

different ways of doing masculinity, arrayed in a hierarchy, that are more or less available to people with different social positions, intersectional identities, and contexts of interaction

a rough ranking of men from most to least masculine, with the assumption that more is always better

a loss of masculinity

a racist preference for light over dark skin

a type of masculine performance, idealized by the majority, that functions to justify and naturalize gender inequality

extreme conformity to the more aggressive rules of masculinity

the idea that manhood is more difficult to earn and easier to lose than femininity

acts undertaken to reassert one's manliness in the face of a threat

enactments of masculinities that are harmful both to the men who enact them and to the people around them

a collection of gender strategies that selectively incorporate symbols, performances, and identities that society associates with women or low-status men

a deal in which an individual or group accepts or even legitimates some of the costs of patriarchy in exchange for receiving some of its rewards

societies in which women have been granted formal gender equality but the patriarchal conflation of power with men and masculinity remains a central part of daily life

a phenomenon in which negative characteristics ascribed to men are presented as "natural" and offered as acceptable justifications of men's dominance over women

anger over something men feel they rightfully own or deserve that is being unjustly taken or withheld from them

a situation in which cultural expectations are contradictory

the belief that all men and women should have equal rights and opportunities

a sweeping change in gender relations that is stuck halfway through

ways of being a woman that, by virtue of directly challenging men's dominance, are widely and aggressively policed

fear and hatred of women with power

identifying something done by a victim as a cause of their victimization

persistent patterns of social interaction aimed at meeting the needs of a society that can't easily be met by individuals alone

beliefs and practices that are well known, widely followed, and culturally approved

explicit and codified expectations, often with stated consequences for deviance

the entire set of interlocked institutions within which we live our lives

a social institution in which gender is used as an organizing principle

the relevance of gender across contexts, activities, and spaces

the social organization of gender relations in a society

societies that migrate seasonally, following crops and game across the landscape

a type of society in which the invention of agriculture—the cultivation of domesticated crops—allows groups to put down roots

an economy dependent on the production of material goods intended for the market

an economy dependent on jobs focused on providing services for others or working with ideas

money gained from working in places like factories, mines, and shops that belong to others

an income paid to a man that is large enough to support a home, a wife, and children

the process by which goods transition from something a family provided for itself into something bought with a wage

a thing that can be bought and sold

a projection of the gender binary onto the ideas of love and sex

different rules for the sexual behavior of men and women

the idea that women who behave themselves sexually are worthy of respect and women who don't are not

a practice in which a man funds a woman's night on the town

a model of marriage in which a woman was entered into a marriage by her father, who owned her until he "gave her away" at the wedding

a model of marriage that did not legally subordinate wives to husbands but continued to define the rights and responsibilities of husbands and wives differently; women owed men domestic services and men were legally required to support their wives

a model of marriage based on love and companionship between two equals who negotiate a division of labor unique to their relationship

the idea of a masculinized work world and a feminized home life

the making of goods for sale

the making and nurturing of human beings

the notion that women could and should wholeheartedly embrace the work of making a loving home

a term used to describe having a same-sex crush

the practice of an often short-lived, but still exclusive, public pairing off

policies against employing married women

policies designed to protect women from exploitation by restricting their workplace participation

the difference between the incomes of the average man and woman who work full time

the practice of filling occupations with mostly men or mostly women workers

a theory that suggests that men and women respond to gender stereotypes when planning, training, and applying for jobs

a theory that proposes that employers tend to prefer men for masculine jobs and women for feminine jobs, slotting applicants into gender-consistent roles during hiring and promotion

an explanation for job segregation that emphasizes workers' abandonment of counter stereotypical occupations

a strong correlation between wages and the gender composition of a job

the idea that there is an invisible barrier between women and top positions in masculine occupations

a heightened risk of failing faced by women who break through the glass ceiling

a metaphorical barrier to advancement describing jobs with no or low opportunity for promotion

an invisible place in which sexual minorities hide their identities in order to avoid stigma, suspicion, or censure at work

an invisible ride to the top offered to certain men in female-dominated occupations

the idea that an employee should have the ability to devote themselves to their job without the distraction of family responsibilities

working fifty or more hours a week

a workplace euphemism that refers to expecting less from mothers, with the understanding that they are sacrificing the right to expect equal pay, regular raises, or promotions

a loss in wages associated with becoming a mother

a wage increase that accrues to married men who become fathers

the transmission of ideas through written, pictorial, audio, and visual means

a set of activities of printing, marketing, and distributing

the ways in which the book is bought and interpreted by various readers

as you see them, to be without disguise (surveyor)

to be seen as a subject (surveyed)

female oriented fictional media created by female authors that deal with male homoerotic desire and romance

the penetrated, more feminine physique, tends to be younger, obedient and submissive

the penetration, more masculine physique, tends to be older, leader, initiative, heterosexual or bisexual

a set of ideas widely shared by members of a society that guides identities, behaviors, and institutions

a specialized group of consumers to which a particular product is marketed

the belief that a particular skin tone is more desirable

gender binary is hierarchical. In the gender binary system, the feminine side is devalued, while the masculine side is presumed to be not just different but better than the feminine side, which leads to inequalities between men and women and subordination of women to men.

We don't know. We know that men can be good. Bit whether they need masculinity to do it is an open question.

Masculinity can make men feel good about themselves, but it hurts men too. It hurts some men a lot. It hurts men who disinvest in masculinity and pay the price. It also hurts many men who embrace it; the belief that they should be better than women and other men is at the root of much of men's sadness, self-loathing, and silent suffering.

Parents' negative reactions to boys' acting feminine reflects androcentrism and reveals the stigmatizing nature of femininity for men
Men face pressure to avoid doing anything associatedwith women femininity

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Nature and nurture are inseparable: they work together to produce observed gender differences

gender is not an isolated social fact but in fact affects and is affected by other facets of our identity

gender policing refers to responses to the violation of gender rules that is aimed at exacting conformity

FGM is classified into 4 major types: clitoridectomy, excision, infibulation, and other

relates to the practice of modern states and their regulation of their subjects through various techniques for achieving the subjugations of bodies and the control of populations

dichotomous thinking operates to preclude the recognition of plurality and heterogeneity

designed on the assumption that everyone is heterosexual with individuals presuming so unless there are culturally recognizable signs indicating otherwise

the idea that there are only two types of people - male-bodied people who are masculine and female-bodied people who are feminine

xy chromosomes, testes in abdomen, external female genitalia

refers to degrees of difference in appearance and behavior between males and females of a species

differences are biological

differences are acquired through socialization

an example of the way that gender rules change sometime in ways that seem quite arbitrary

the process by which our bodies respond to our cultural environment and vice versa

1. trading one's own attainment of power for the protection and support of man(emphasized femininity)
2. trying to make the fact that they are female as invisible as possible(emphatic sameness)
3. gender equivocation
They are not equally available to everyone

1.socialization hypothesis
2.employer selection hypothesis
3.selective exit hypothesis

UN Convention against Transnational Organize Crime in 2000

1. Protocol to prevent, suppress, and punish trafficking in persons (The Trafficking Protocol)
2. Protocol against the Smuggling of Migrants by Lands, Sea, and Air

-necessarily involves border crossing
-consent

-involves both internal and international movement
-deception, exploitation, other coercion
-US: does not require movement, women under 18 years of age

1. Natasha Trade
2.Southeast Asia
3. Latin America, The Caribbean

transit: central America, Mexico
destination: western Europe, US, Japan

-sex industry
-bonded labor
-domestic servitude
-illegal adoption
-bride trafficking

prevention, protection, and prosecution

(related to supply)
-economic desperation
-disadvantaged position of women and children
-political turmoil

(related to demand)
-demand for the bodies of women and children
-demand for the cheap, unregulated labor

organized crime, corruption, high profits, and relatively low risks

Bodies possess qualities that do not change over time and space.

The cultural context in which a person, act, or behavior is situated determines the way gender will be perceived and experienced.

is the idea that biology affects our behavior independently of our environment

is the idea that we are "blank slates" that become who we are purely through learning and socialization

1. Action: recruitment, transportation, transfer, harboring or receipt of persons
2. Means: threat of or use of force, deception, coercion, abuse of power or position of vulnerability
3. Purpose: always exploitation

gender is the result of an active process whereby we are performing it by learning a script or internalizing a set of shorthand codes
Goffman said there is nothing natural about gender identity

1. women are frequent subjects of representation and the way that individualsroups are portrayed effects our perception of their individual and collective identities
2. the value placed on different genres of representation have historically been gendered (oil painting vs quilting)
3. representation reflect and transform the culture in which they are produced and received
4. reading representation is an important critical skill by becoming aware of the political and cultural stakes of representation we can become sharper cultural critics and more attuned to how gendered identities are produced around us

the concealing of historical truth by ideologies when images from the past are presented as works of art, their meanings are obscured by learnt assumptions such as beauty, truth, form, etc
men = surveyor
women = surveyed

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delicate and superficial

lying down

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Darkness

a trend in which the poor are increasingly female

paying non-family members to do family-related tasks