Bio Exam 2

The part of a plant embryo directly below the cotyledons, forming a connection with the radicle.

Organisms that combine photosynthesis and heterotrophic nutrition

A hypothesis for the origin of eukaryotes consisting of a sequence of endosymbiotic events in which mitochondria, chloroplasts, and perhaps other cellular structures were derived from small prokaryotes that had been engulfed by larger cells.

Cell organelle that converts the chemical energy stored in food into compounds that are more convenient for the cell to use relived to be descended from an engulfed prokaryote

An organelle found in plant and algae cells where photosynthesis occurs

The engulfment of a cyanobacterium by a larger eukaryotic cell that gave rise to the first photosynthetic eukaryotes with chloroplasts.

A process in eukaryotic evolution in which a heterotrophic eukaryotic cell engulfed a photosynthetic eukaryotic cell which survived in a symbiotic relationship inside the heterotrophic cell

A symbiotic phenomenon whereby plastids, notably chloroplasts, from algae are stolen by host organisms.

Green pigments required for photosynthesis that traps the radiant energy of sunlight

Accessory pigment that absorbs blue light, found in red algae (present when A&C chlorophyll by itself)

A rigid layer of nonliving material that surrounds the cells of plants and some other organisms.

Can be a-1, 4 Glucan (glycogen) or b-1, 3 Glucan

Used for carbon storage in some protists

A photoautotrophic unicell with b-1, 3 Glucan, chlorophyll a&b, cell wall made of protein pellicle (strips of protein that can alter shape)

The kinetoplastid that causes African sleeping sickness

A mass of mitochondrial DNA lying close to the nucleus (found in the relative of euglena)

A protistan clade including diatoms and brown algae. If flagella are present, cells usually have two-one of which is covered with hairlike projections.

Unicellular algae that have a unique glass-like wall made of hydrated silica embedded in an organic matrix. They are part of the stramenopila

Used to date rock through charts of speciation

Largest & most complex algae, all are multicellular, commonly called seaweeds & kelps (contains chlorophyll a&c)

A type of brown algae that is a multicellular photoautotroph, b-1, 3 Glucan, secondary plastid, Chl. A and C, cell walls made of cellulose

A protistan clade that includes dinoflagellates, apicomplexans, and the ciliates. They are a sister group to stramenopiles that originated by a secondary endosymbiosis event

A kind of Alveolates that store carbon as A-1,4 Glucan (starch), use Chl. A & C, have cell walls made of cellulose, and form "blooms". They generally have two flagella, half are heterotrophic and the other half are photoautotrophic

An apicomplexan (parasite) that causes malaria; stores carbon as a-1, 4 Glucan, no pigments (apicoplast), no cell wall

What a mosquito injects in a person to begin the infective stage of plasmodium

The infective stage of the plasmodial life cycle- it infects red blood cells of the host organism using their apical complex

Forms from merozoites and then form gametes (male or female)

A diploid cell resulting from the fusion of two haploid gametes; a fertilized ovum-(egg and sperm)

A large, varied group of Alveolata that use their cilia to move and feed. They have large macronuclei and small micronuclei (dikaryotic)

A ciliated (it propels itself via cilia) protist that lives in freshwater and eats other tiny organisms for food

These develop from micronuclei, control cellular function, and divide when ciliates reproduce asexually by mitosis

In Ciliates, this is the nucleus involved in reproduction (meiosis splitting 2 into 8, in which four of those each come together to form macronuclei)

Referring to a fungal mycelium with two haploid nuclei per cell, one from each parent.

Polysaccharide consisting of glucose monomers that is present in some types of cell walls

The protist group that contains organisms that move by amoeboid movement- (pseudopodia) (some but not all amoeba are in this group) Include forams and radiolarians

A large group of amoeboid protists that typically produce a test, or shell, which can have either one or multiple chambers. They extend filose pseudopodia through the pores in in test

Thin, hair-like extensions of cytoplasm (false feet)

Larger, tube-like pseudopodia

Amoeba with tube shaped pseudopodia (lobose) rather than threadlike ones

Common, unicellular, lobe-shaped pseudopods, mostly heterotrophic

Heterotrophic, unicellular parasite, a-1, 4 Glucan, no plastids, no cell wall

Supergroup including red algae, green algae, and land plants

Contains Chlorophyll A and Phycobilins- usually multicellular, most abundant large algae in coastal waters

The real name for Nori (seaweed)

Contain Chlorophyll A & B, they are split into two main groups, and plants are descended from them

Phylum of green algae

Phylum of green algae (sister group to land plants)

Charophytes and Embryophytes

A green algae that is a photoautotrophic unicel, a-1, 4 Glucan, Chl. a&b, cell wall of cellulose

Asexual- Undergoes two rounds of mitosis, daughter cells emerge as swimming zoospores, develop into mature haploids Sexual- Cells develop into gametes through stress, +/- fuse into a diploid zygote, protective coating, meiosis produces 4 haploid individuals (2+ & 2-)

A spore of certain algae, fungi, and protozoans, capable of swimming by means of a flagellum- produced in asexual reproduction

Fusion of an egg and sperm cell

A type of cell division that results in four daughter cells each with half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell (sexual reproduction)

The mushroom AND its subterranean mycelium are a continuous network of this

An elaborate network of hyphae

Specialized hyphae that can exchange nutrients with living plant cells (mutualism)

Specialized hyphae that can penetrate the tissues of host organisms (parasitism)

Associations between fungi and roots of land plants allow faster plant growth

Fungi that have a sac-like structure called an ascus which is where ascospores are produced (aka sac fungi)

Fungi that have a club-like structure called a basidium (bears the spores)

Mushroom fruiting body that protrudes from the ground and bears the basidia

+ and - types have to mate with each other (opposites)

Having two haploid nuclei, one from each parent, in each cell.

The fusion of the cytoplasm of cells from two individuals

Fusion of two haploid nuclei to form a diploid nucleus.

Symbiotic association between a fungus and a photoautotrophs (alga or cyanobacterium)

The alternation between the haploid gametophyte and the diploid sporophyte in a plant's life cycle

Life history involving alternation of generations has diploid and haploid multicellular stages

This refers to alternating generations in plants and certain algae in which the sporophytes and gametophytes look alike, although they differ in chromosome number.

This refers to a condition in the life cycle of plants and certain algae in which the sporophyte and gametophyte generations differ in morphology.

Gametes are produced within organs called gametangia Female gametangia, called archegonia, produce eggs and are the site of fertilization Male gametangia, called antheridia, produce and release sperm

Aids in building cell plates (found in all embryophytes and charophytes)

Region of cells capable of cell division (like stem cells) which occurs at the apex of a plant

A waxy covering on the surface of stems and leaves that acts as an adaptation to prevent water loss in terrestrial plants.

The cell which undergoes meiosis to generate spores

The stage in the life cycle of a plant in which the plant produces gametes (haploid sex cells)

Sex cells (male/female)

Diploid or spore-producing phase of an organism. Makes haploid spores by meiosis.

New clade that includes both green algae and land plants

Photoautotrophic plants with stomata, no xylem or phloem, a-1, 4 Glucan, Chl. a&b, Cell walls of cellulose

Types of mosses with excellent air- and water-holding qualities

Structure that produces sperm in some plants, develops on the gametophyte (male gametangia)

Structure that produces 1 egg, develops on the gametophyte (female gametangia)

Spore capsule in which haploid spores are produced by meiosis

The elongated stalk of a bryophyte sporophyte.

A microscopic pore surrounded by guard cells in the epidermis of leaves and stems that allows gas exchange between the environment and the interior of the plant.

Non-seed vascular plants that have stomata, plant organs (sporophyte), a-1,4 Glucan, Chl. a&b, and cell walls made of cellulose

Fern leaf

Clusters of sporangia on the underside of a fern frond

Young, coiled fern leaf

roots, stems, leaves

A flowering plant that forms seeds inside a protective chamber called an ovary.

The reproductive part of the plant

Leaflike parts that cover and protect the flower bud (anything after the first row of petals)

The colorful structures seen when flowers open (top layer only)

The pollen-producing male reproductive organ of a flower consisting of an anther and filament.

The female reproductive organ of a flower, consisting of the stigma, style, and ovary.

A structure that develops within the ovary of a seed plant and contains the female gametophyte.

Layers of protective sporophytic tissue protecting the megasporangium that will develop into the seed coat

A tiny opening in the wall of an ovule through which the pollen tube enters

A spore-producing structure that produces megaspores, which go on to develop into female gametophytes

A spore-producing structure that produces microspores, which go on to develop into male gametophytes

Made up of only 3 cells (after pollen germinates)

The cell that divides mitotically and forms two sperm cells in pollen

Forms the pollen tube from the stigma to the ovule

Will become the embryo sac

Two haploid cells that line the egg cell and function in the attraction and guidance of the pollen tube to the embryo sac

Two haploid cells (two nuclei each) that sit in the center of the embryo sac

The three haploid cells in the mature embryo sac situated at the opposite end of the micropyle.

The plant structure that contains a young plant inside a protective covering

A tough outer covering of a seed, formed from the integuments

First leaf or first pair of leaves produced by the embryo of a seed plant (provides nutrients to seed)

A nutrient-rich tissue formed by the union of a sperm cell with two polar nuclei during double fertilization, which provides nourishment to the developing embryo in angiosperm seeds.

Sperm (N) + Egg (N) = 2n (diploid) Sperm (N) + Polar Cell (N) + Polar Cell (N) = 3n (triploid)

An angiosperm that has only one seed leaf.

A parallel arrangement of veins (Monocot Characteristic)

Vascular tissue that forms bundles that are scattered throughout the ground tissue in a stem (Monocot Characteristic)

No main root in root system (all thin) (Monocot Characteristic)

Having floral parts in threes or multiples of three (Monocot Characteristic)

An angiosperm that has two seed leaves

Vein arrangement in a leaf where the veins form a branching network throughout the leaf (Dicot Characteristic)

A stem in which the xylem and phloem are grouped into a single ring of discrete vascular bundles (Dicot Characteristic)

A straight tapering root grows vertically downward and forms the center from which subsidiary rootlets spring (Dicot Characteristic)

Floral organs usually in multiples of four or five (Dicot Characteristic)

Plant organ that absorbs water and minerals from the ground while also anchoring the plant in the ground.

Plant organ that connects roots and leaves and carries water and nutrients between them Consists of nodes, internodes, axillary buds, and apical buds

A structure that has the potential to form a lateral shoot or branch. This kind appears in the angle formed between a leaf and a stem.

A bud at the tip of a plant stem; is also called a terminal bud

Plant organ responsible for photosynthesis and transpiration in higher plants Consists of a blade and petiole (joins leaf to node)Simple- Single, undivided blade Compound- Multiple leaflets (no axillary but at base)

Fundamental cell type in plants- tin and flexible primary walls made of cellulose, perform the most metabolic functions Consider it the "Parent" Cell (get it?)

Plant cells with thicker and uneven primary cell walls that provide flexible support without restraining growth

Rigid plant cells due to secondary cell walls with lignin (unable to accommodate growth). They are almost entirely cell wall and are dead at functional maturity Two types

A type of sclerenchyma cell that is isometric and bundled (aka stone cells)

A type of sclerenchyma cell that is elongated and bundled (the closest thing plants have to an endoskeleton)

Rigid vascular tissue that has thin secondary walls with lignin and is dead at functional maturity. Two types

A type of xylem that has a narrow diameter and tapered ends with openings on both sides (pits)

Larger diameter xylem that are stacked to form tubes/pipes Contain a perforated plate that allows for much more rapid water transfer (susceptible to air bubbles)

Programmed cell death

Vascular tissue that is responsible for carrying products of photosynthesis (sugars) Made of two parts

Part of the phloem that serves as the conduit for sugar translocation. It loses its nucleus and they are separated by sieve plates. Full of cytoplasm- not empty like xylem

An end wall in a sieve-tube element, which facilitates the flow of phloem sap in angiosperm sieve tubes.

The active cells (have nuclei) found next to sieve-tube elements that supply the phloem vessels with all of their metabolic needs and manage the flows

Another name for the Calvin Cycle, light-independent reactions, or C3 photosynthesis

The second part of photosynthesis that builds sugar from smaller molecules by using ATP and the reducing power of electrons carried by NADPH

Ribulose 1,5 bisphosphate carboxylase & oxygenase. Performs Carbon Fixation in the Calvin Cycle. (can also fix oxygen on accident which actually takes away energy from the plant)

Reaction in which rubisco attaches oxygen instead of car
bon dioxide to ribulose bisphosphate

An alternative pathway that enables certain plants to fix CO2 into four-carbon compounds so it lowers the chances of the plant fixing O2 instead of CO2

Only binds to CO2 so it does not have to compete with O2, therefore C4 plants utilize it to fill their cells with CO2 before it completes the Calvin Cycle

The ground tissue of a leaf sandwiched between the upper and
lower epidermis and specialized for photosynthesis (full of chloroplasts)

A tightly packed layer of cells that surrounds a vascular bundle in the leaves of C4 plants, plants such as crabgrass and corn in which carbon dioxide is fixed twice

C4 plants create a physical separation of C uptake and the Calvin Cycle

Crassulacean Acid Metabolism

Plants that open their stoma at night, store the carbon, and complete the Calvin cycle during the day

CAM plants have a temporal separation of C uptake and the Calvin Cycle

The physical property predicting the direction in which water will flow, governed by solute concentration and applied pressure. 0 MPa for pure water at sea level and room temp

Describes the effect of solute concentration on water potential

Physical pressure on a solution

Type of pressure exerted by plasma membrane against cell wall and cell wall against protoplast (what prevents plants from wilting constantly)

Lack of turgor pressure

Path of transport through a cell that goes across both membranes and cytoplasm

Channels through cell walls that connect the cytoplasms of adjacent cells

A continuous system of the cytoplasm in cells interconnected by plasmodesmata

The continuum of cell walls plus their extracellular spaces

The innermost layer of the cortex in plant roots; a cylinder one cell thick that forms the boundary between the cortex and the vascular cylinder.

Waxy "glue" holding the endodermis together that prevents apoplastic routes past the endodermic layer

Evaporation of water from the leaves of a plant

Waters ability to be attracted to or "stick" to other substances

Waters ability to be attracted to or "stick" to itself

The inflow of potassium ions into the guard cells surrounding a stoma cause them to experience turgor and open ()

The outflow of potassium ions from guard cells relaxes the turgor pressure and closes the stomata II

Abscisic Acid

How scientists believe phloem sap moves through sieve tubes

The theory that there should be more sugar near sources than sinks and it was proven right Source- the loading of sugar into the Phloem The phloem uptakes water from the xylem and unloads sugar Sink- Where sucrose is stored in root

In an angiosperm, the terminal pollen sac of a stamen, where pollen grains containing sperm-producing male gametophytes form.

Diploid reproductive cell in the stamen of a plant; undergoes meiosis to produce four haploid microspores.

Small haploid spore formed by some plants that develops into a male gametophyte

The male gametophyte produced by a microspore

The one of the two nuclei formed by mitotic division of a microspore during the formation of a pollen grain that is held to control subsequent growth of the pollen tube and that does not divide again

A tube that forms after germination of the pollen grain and that functions in the delivery of sperm to the ovule.

1 sperm fertilizes the egg to make a zygote while sperm 2 fertilizes the two central cells to make a triploid cell

The ovule-producing reproductive organ of a flower, consisting of the stigma, style, and ovary.

Female part of the plant and is the sticky top surface of the flower, to which pollen adheres.

Generate new cells along a plant's vertical axis (primary growth)Produce three regions

Elongation of shoots and roots

Add thickness to plants (secondary growth) 2 types

A type of lateral meristem that replaces epidermis with peri
derm which is tougher and thicker

A lateral meristem around the tree that adds layers of vascular tissue called secondary xylem (wood) and secondary phloem

Lengthwise cut (perpendicular to cross section)

A diagram that shows what the inside of something looks like (perpendicular to longitudinal)

Outermost layer of a root/plant

Ground tissue between epidermis and endodermis

Central region of a root that includes the vascular tissue-xylem and phloem

Outermost cells within the vascular cylinder of roots

A root that arises from the outermost layer of the pericycle of an established root.

The core of parenchyma cells found in monocot roots

Clusters of xylem and phloem tissue in stems. Eustele in Dicots and Atactostele in Monocots

The first root that emerges from a seed

Stem cells produced through primary growth

Found under the upper epidermis, it has lots of chloroplasts vertically next to each other (like toothpicks in a shaker thing)

Different sides of leaves have different functions and look different- their function is to protect internal tissues from water loss

Found on lower epidermis, chloroplasts are not as organized (leaves space for gas exchange)

The two cells that regulate the opening and closing of the stomata

Carries nutrients from leaf to rest of plant (vascular tissue with xylem on top)

Water conducting material that Produces wood toward the interior of the stem (intercalary meristems (pushes out as it grows))

Produces the inner bark toward the exterior of the stem

The cork cambium and the cork

Tissue external to the vascular cambium (alternating phloem and sclerenchyma)

The inner membrane system within chloroplasts that holds Chlorophyll a&b (where light reactions occur)

Stacks of Thylakoids within the chloroplast

Fluid between granums within chloroplasts (where the Calvin cycle occurs)

A graph that shows the range of a pigment's ability to absorb various wavelengths of light.

A graph that shows rates of photosynthesis in regard to different colors of light

Occurs in ATP Synthase and is used to power Calvin Cycle

Large protein that uses energy from H+ ions to bind ADP and a phosphate group together to produce ATP

The product of the electron transport chain. A higher concentration of protons outside the inner membrane of the mitochondria than inside the membrane is the driving force behind ATP synthesis.

Energy carriers for photosynthesis that move electrons and hydrogen. Starts the light-independent reaction

The first of two major stages in photosynthesis (preceding the Calvin cycle). These reactions, which occur on the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplast or on membranes of certain prokaryotes, convert solar energy to the chemical energy of ATP and NADPH, releasing oxygen in the process.

We used to think O2 waste from plants came from CO2, but it actually comes from the water

Light reactions generate ATP and increase the potential energy of electrons by moving them from H2O to NADPH

The stalk of a flower's carpel, with the ovary at the base and the stigma at the top

A flower structure that encloses and protects ovules and seeds as they develop

A megaspore mother cell; larger spore that germinates into a female gametophyte in a heterosporous plant

A spore from a heterosporous plant species that develops into a female gametophyte

3 Antipodal Cells (n) 2 Polar Nuclei (n) 1 Egg (n) 2 Synergids (n) 224. Female Gametophyte (what is produces)

Seed coat (2n), Micropyle Closed, Female Gametophyte,
Zygote (2n) + 2 Synergids (n), Endosperm (3n), 3 Antipodals (n)

Integuments (2n), Micropyle open, Female Gametophyte, Egg + 2 Synergids (n), 2 polar cells (n), 3 antipodals (n)

A tough outer covering of a seed, formed from the outer coat of an ovule

A plant's response to seasonal changes in length of night and day (based on hours of night)

The process of a plant blooming or producing its flower

The plant pigment responsible for photoperiodism

The type of light that short-day/long-night plants respond/flower to when exposed to last

The type of light that long-day/short-night plants respond/flower to when exposed to last

Plants that only flower after being exposed to hours of darkness greater than the period- Bloom in Fall

Plants that only flower after being exposed to hours of darkness less than period- Bloom in Spring

A seed with two cotyledons

The part of a dicot seed that will become the leaves

The portion of the stem of a plant embryo that is between the cotyledons and the first true leaves

The part of a plant embryo that develops into the primary root

A seed with one cotyledon

Special type of cotyledon found in monocots

The part of a seed that protects the shoot

The part of a seed that protects the radicle (root)

Growth of a plant shoot toward or away from light.

Proved the coleoptile tip is responsible for light sensing

Determined that the diffusion of something from the tip was responsible for the elongation of cells during phototropism-Separated tip w/ gelatin (permeable)--> bending-Separated w/ mica (impermeable)--> no bending

He determined what chemical was responsible for phototropism (Auxin). He removed the tip, incubated it on an agar block, and placed the
block back on the plant in different ways (whole/halves).

The plant hormone responsible for phototropism

The target cell's detection of a signal molecule coming from outside the cell.

The process of converting outside stimuli, such as light, into neural activity (the cells response)

A molecule that carries the signal through the cytoplasm to trigger the response in a cell

A reaction to a stimulus

A chemical stimuli that triggers a response in the plant

Protein that detects a signal molecule and performs an action in response

Stimuli from the environment (ex. light)