Lecture 2

THE HUMAN CONDITION BEFORE THE COMMON ERA

MIDDLE AGES

PRE-COLUMBIAN AMERICA

SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION

INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

INFORMATION AGE

II. HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS IN THE WORLD

This era, which started at the beginning of human existence until about 3,000 BCE, is marked by the invention and use of stone tools by our early human ancestors and the eventual transformation of the society from a culture of hunting and gathering to farming and food production.

This period is practically difficult for
our ancestors because resources are not abundant, and they are also living in the midst of wild animals making them easy targets/prey. We know relatively little about this era because there are limited to no written accounts of the human activities that occurred here. Only cave drawings, unearthed artifacts (such as stone tools, bone tools) are available for us to study, leaving us with little capacity to contemplate.

The most common are daggers and spear points for hunting, hand axes and choppers for cutting up meat and scrapers for cleaning animal hides. Other tools were used to dig roots, peel bark and remove the skins of animals. Later, splinters of bones were used as needles and fishhooks. A very important tool for early man was flakes struck from flint. They could cut deeply into big game for butchering.

The Stone Age is divided into three separate periods –

humans were food gatherers/hunters, depending on hunting wild animals and birds, fishing, and collecting wild fruits, nuts, and berries. They are nomads with no permanent shelters. The record of this long interval is very incomplete; it can be studied from imperishable objects made of flint, stone, bone, and antler. There are notable tools and ornaments created by our forerunners during this old stone period.

In Paleolithic Period, There are notable tools and ornaments created by our forerunners during this old stone period.

a carving of a voluptuous woman out of ivory of stone. It is not definite as to what this carving means to the early humans, but historians infer that this is an ancient representation of beauty while for some, a penchant for fertility.

The Paleolithic people are credited with inventing the ____ for sewing

_______ were also made from the fur of the animals they hunted, as well as leather from animal skin and linen from flax.

temporary shelters that they can bring with them and reassemble to a new location.

used for gathering and storing various liquid and dry goods, to keep them from spoiling.

This period marked the end of the last Ice Age, which resulted in the extinction of many large mammals and rising sea levels and climate change that eventually caused man to migrate.

Ancient cultural stage between the Paleolithic and Neolithic period.

In Mesolithic Period, Humans used small stone tools _____, now also more polished and sometimes crafted with points and attached to antlers, bone or wood to serve as spears and arrows. This tool was also used for digging the ground and stitching clothes. They often lived nomadically in camps near rivers and other bodies of water.

In Mesolithic Period, _______ was introduced during this time, which led to more permanent settlements in villages. Some Mesolithic settlements were villages of huts and walled cities.

In _______, ancient humans switched from hunteratherer mode to agriculture and food production.

With the development of agriculture, technology and the inventions of more sophisticated tools, people of the Neolithic Era were able to build ______. This gave them the ability to grow crops in the surrounding area. They domesticated animals and cultivated cereal grains. People started to develop their control over fire, which allowed for different uses soon after this.

In Neolithic Period, advancements were made not only in tools but also in farming, home construction, and art, including pottery, sewing and weaving using the ____, allowing them to begin making textiles and clothing with the materials they harvested from nature and their livestock.

During the _______ , advances in metallurgy to lworking were made, as bronze, a copper and tin alloy, was discovered.

is made up of 88% copper and 12% tin. Metals are obtained from ores (a naturally occurring solid material from which a metal or valuable mineral can be extracted) through smelting.

Now used for weapons and tools, the harder metal bronze replaced its stone predecessors and helped spark innovations, including the _____ and the _____.

The Bronze Age changed the face of farming with the invention of ______, the process of using man-made canals and ditches to divert water from natural sources or floodplains to fields for crops or to reservoir lakes to use at a later time, and the _____, wherein they rotate the crops planted in a number of fields to replenish nutrients in the soil.

Smelting is discovered by _____

Historical records also tell us that the first ever _____ of Human History was invented during the Bronze Age.

An equation for soap was found on the _____ that dated 2800 B.C.

The three main ingredients of soap at that time were ____, ____, and ____

_____, _____, as well as beginnings of _____, also came into play during the Bronze Age.

In Bronze Age, ancient Egyptians built their ____ to honor their dead pharaohs.

In Bronze Age, the earliest written account are ____ and ___.

lasted roughly from 1500 BCE to 500 BCE, depending on the region. During this era, people across much of Europe, Asia and parts of Africa began making tools and weapons from iron and steel.

was first smelted from ore in South Caucasus (a region presently occupied by Armenia, Georgia, and Azerbaijan).

_____, a metal harder than copper and tin, requires a more intensive process and with the development of better smelting pits (equipment for smelting) that the ability to produce higher temperatures paved the way to the extraction of iron from ores.

Smelting iron, a metal harder than copper and tin, requires a more intensive process and with the development of better _____ that the ability to produce higher temperatures paved the way to the extraction of iron from ores.

In Iron Age, iron was seen as more precious than ___.

made sufficient advancement to produce higher temperatures.

Gold and silver weights existed during the Bronze Age, but the first coins, imprinted metal pieces for exchange, seem to have emerged in Iron Age around 600 B.C. in _____, a kingdom on the Anatolia peninsula (modern-day, Turkey).

is also known as the Medieval Period and has started with the fall of the Roman Empire that lasted for 1,000 years until 1450.

Middle Ages is also known as the Medieval Period and has started with the fall of the Roman Empire that lasted for ___ years until _____.

Some of the most notable inventions by Europeans in Middle Ages were

The development of the ______ lead to the creation of the first mechanical clocks in around 1300 AD and had become the standard timekeeping device in this period.

A. China: Middle Ages

A lot of useful inventions were made by medieval Chinese during these times.

___ an early type of seismograph that determine the presence and direction of an earthquake.

___ started in 140 BC but was officially used in writing at a later time (105 AD). The early uses of this paper were for clothing, wall décor, artworks, and even in toilets.

The first compasses were made of ______, a magnetized stone of iron, in Han dynasty. dynasty. It comes with a spoon that shows the direction, and is often used in divination, a ritual to see and understand the future, during the Han dynasty.

was also developed in this time as weapons for military as well as ___, followed by vigorous development of explosive weapon about three centuries before it appeared in Europe.

utilizes needles for medical therapy,

to carry heavy loads and wagons as well as carry royalties around when they need to travel.

Major contributions of India during the middle ages.

was also established during this time in India which is based on the belief that health and wellness depend on a delicate balance between the mind, body, and spirit, and its main goal is not to fight diseases but to promote good health.

an Italian master navigator, completed four voyages across the Atlantic Ocean that opened the way for European exploration, exploitation, and colonization of the Americas.

Before Christopher Columbus, who are the American inlands that have developed civilizations of their own?

The Mayans excelled at

excelled at agriculture, pottery, hieroglyph writing, calendar-making, and mathematics, and left behind an astonishing amount of impressive architecture and symbolic artwork.

Mayans used _____ as monetary units.

sparked intrigue and even fear some 8 years ago (2012).

Mayans made ____ pyramids made out of limestone as a display of their architectural prowess.

_____ recorded astronomical observations in stone sculptures.

Aztec practiced farming by ______, a process of clearing forested lands by cutting trees and plants and burning the remaining vegetation to create a land for agriculture.

Also, one peculiar ritual of the Aztecs is the ____.

Aztec used ______ and sliced open the chests of the sacrificial humans and offered their still beating hearts to their gods.

technique, the Incas utilized more advanced farming method which was ___, just like what the Igorots did in Benguet.

Inca also built __________ to provide access to stream water along with retaining walls which deflected heat during the hot days but trapped it in at night, preventing crops from dying from frostbite during the bitterly cold highland evenings.

Incans made their clothes by removing animals’ _____, such as that of the llamas and alpacas.

_______________ is the name given to this period of drastic change in scientific thought that took place during the 16th and 17th centuries. It replaced the Greek view of nature (more on philosophical rather than empirical) that had dominated Science for almost 2,000 years ago.

_______ is characterized by an emphasis on abstract reasoning, quantitative thought, an understanding of how nature works, the view of nature as a machine, and the development of an experimental scientific method.

The 3 Cs in Scientific revolution - ____, ____, and ____, when merged are the characteristics of a scientist influencing the ideas, discoveries, and technologies developed and produced. We can all agree with this – our science and technology will only be as good as our scientists and skilled people.

In the early years, when virtually everyone believed Earth was the center of the universe, Polish scientist _____ proposed that the planets instead revolved around the sun. It was later on proven to be true with the invention of telescopes. Although his model wasn't completely correct, it formed a strong foundation for future scientists to build on and improve mankind's understanding of the motion of heavenly bodies.

He also also argued that Earth turned daily on its axis and that gradual shifts of this axis accounted for the changing seasons.

_________ is now chiefly remembered for discovering the three laws of planetary motion, which state that (1) the planets move in elliptical orbits with the Sun at one focus; (2) the time necessary to traverse any arc of a planetary orbit is proportional to the area of the sector between the central body and that arc (the “area law”); and (3) there is an exact relationship between the squares of the planets’ periodic times and the cubes of the radii of their orbits (the “harmonic law”).

three laws of planetary motion,

he developed a novel explanation for the behavior of light in the newly invented telescope he discovered several new, semiregular polyhedrons; gave the first mathematical treatment of close packing of equal spheres (leading to an explanation of the shape of the cells of a honeycomb; gave the first proof of how logarithms worked; and devised a method of finding the volumes of solids of revolution that can be seen as contributing to the development of calculus.

he calculated the most exact astronomical tables hitherto known, whose continued accuracy

One of the most influential scientists in history, ______ contributed significantly to the field of science over his lifetime. And while the long-told tale of an apple dropping on his learned head is likely apocryphal, his contributions changed the way we see and understand the world around us.

In optics, his discovery of the composition of white light integrated the phenomena of colors into the science of light and laid the foundation for modern physical optics. In mechanics, his three laws of motion, the basic principles of modern physics, resulted in the formulation of the law of universal gravitation. In mathematics, he was the original discoverer of the infinitesimal calculus.

Newton’s new "_______________" was more powerful than previous versions, and because he used the small mirror to bounce the image to the eye, he could build a much smaller, more practical telescope. This simple telescope design is still used today, by both backyard astronomers and NASA scientists.

______ is famous for his theory of evolution in which he wrote a full account of in his book entitled “On the Origin of Species.” This theory states that diverse groups of animals evolve from one or a few common ancestors by natural selection.

_____ contributions also span into entomology, when he referenced at least 50 insects in his The Origin of Species, including his own observations on the similarity of British and Brazilian fresh water insects, the importance of insects as pollinators, and the evolution of cell making in honey bees, among other topics.

_____ was an Austrian neurologist who is perhaps most known as the founder of psychoanalysis with his development of talk therapy as an approach to treating mental health problems.

Freud’s _______ revolved around the three components of the mind, namely the id, ego, and superego.

Freud’s theory of personality revolved around the three components of the mind, namely the

The __ is made up of the unconscious psychic energy that works to satisfy basic urges, needs, and desires.

The _____ is composed of people’s internalized ideals (what is right and what is wrong) acquired from parents and society and works to suppress the impulsive urges.

the ____ mediates the demands of the id, superego, and reality.

____________ marked a period of development in the latter period of the 18th century that transformed largely rural, agrarian societies in Europe and America into industrialized, urban ones. This era is the time when the manufacture of goods moved from small shops and homes to large factories. This brought about changes in culture as people moved from rural areas to big cities in order to work. This revolution started in the Great Britain.

The first European to successfully use movable type printing was _____

The books printed using these presses in the beginning of the Gutenberg era are called

The first book of any note to be printed with movable type printer was _____, published in ____.

This revolution’s hallmark was the use of computers, internet, and other information technologies such as the World Wide Web.

The information age began around the 1970s and is still going on today. It is also known as the ____, ____, or ______.

This era brought about a time period in which people could access information and knowledge easily. This brought about changes in the society from traditionally industrialized to one reliant on information computerization.

Rise of the Digital Age

But the first iteration of the computer as we now understand it came much earlier when, in the 1830s, an inventor named _____ designed a device called the ____. It was a general-purpose device that could compute many different problems. It was to be digital, automatic, mechanical, and controlled by variable programs. In short, it would solve any calculation you wished. It would be the first computer.