1what is germination testing
a method used to determine the number of seeds in a seed lot that are capabe of producing a normal seedling under favorable conditions
2true or false: in the early years of nursery production most of the tree nurseries were government operated
true
3when did the last public seed plant close
2018
4seed collected from these groups of tree species are in major demand
pioneer species, fast growing species and sun loving (full sun) species
5how to test seed viability
cut test, float test
6true or false germination testing provides a standard on which to base the value of seedlots for commercial transactions
true
7what is the name used to describe the observations made by seed collectors over the season to track seed development
seed forecasting
8what is the minimum length the root radicle should be to count as a germinant
1mm
9true or flase: seeds are able to overcome dormancy and germinate when triggerd by certain internal processes that are usually induced by enviromental changes
true
10methods of scarificstion used to break dormancy
cold water soak, hot water soak, acid treatment
11true or false stratification stimulates the natural winter conditions of temperate seeds that are lying on the forest floor
true
12internal dormacy refers to what part of the seed prohibiting germination
embryo
13external dormacy refers to what part if the seed probibiting germination
seed coat
14what method is used to overcome seedcoat dormancy
scarification
15true false stratification increases uniformity of emergence
true
16is the stratification period the same for all tree species
no
17true or false a desired cultural of growing medium for trees is a slightly acidic PH
true
18container nursery managers should strive to maintain the PH of their growing media in the ph range of
5.5 -6.5
19t/f cation exchange capacity is one of the most important factors affecting the fertility of growing media
true
20true or flase vermiculite and peat moss have the highest cation exchange capacity values
true
21t/ f low fertility level is a desirable attribute for growing media used in container nurseries
true
22true or false one of the considerations of growing media composition is the formation of a firm root plug
true
23what are the reasons why organic matter peat is used in container for growing medium
high cation exchange capacity , reduced compaction, provides large percentage of micropores
24true or false inorganic components of growing media (vermiculite and perlite) are used to provide macro pores
true
25what are the function of tree roots
roots anchor the tree, roots uptake water and nutrients, roots transport water, nutrients and sugars, roots produce hormones, roots store carbohydrates
26how do roots grow
roots exhibit positive gravitropism (a few exceptions)
27what does the root cap do
protects growing root
28what do the root hairs do
temporary extentions of epidermal cells, produced continually in the zone of maturation (root tip) , increased surface area for absorbtion
29what is a root cap
thick protective layer of cells at the root tip that produce mucigel a lubricant that allows roots to push through the substrate
30what is the quiescent center
area of inactive division, will become active if damage to root tip occurs
31roots : what is the epidermis
thin layer of cells that protect the roots
32roots : what is the cortex
transports water and nutrients to vascular cylinder
33roots : what us the pericycle
thin layer of meristematic cells outside the vascular cylinder that produce lateral roots
34roots : what is the vascular cylinder
vascular cylinder is where xylem and phloem are produced
35what is the root apical meristem
area of active cell division producing roots
36what is the pericyle responsible for
lateral root formation , vascular tissues connected in new lateral root
37roots : where do woody plants develop secondary growth?
from the lateral meristems in roots (back from the root tip)
38what is cork cambium?
meristematic cells that produce bark (periderm)
39what is protoxylem
newly formed xylem
40what is secondary xylem
bulk of woody tissues in roots and stem of trees (annual growth rings)
41what is secondary phloem
produced during secondary growth (diameter)
42what are characteristics of growing media
soilless, restricted volume, perched water table, unnatural, unstructured
43list basic seedling needs
1 WATER: water holding capacity 2 AIR: macropores and micropores 3 NUTRIENTS: cation exchange capacity / ph 4 PHYSICAL SUPPORT
44what is pore space
space between solid particles offering gas exchange for root system. impacted by media type and growing container
45what are macropores
large spaces between particles for root growth
46what are micropores
small spaces between particles that trap water
47what is total porosity
measures total pore space in media
48what is aeration porosity
measures pore space filled with air (macropores) most important for seedling growth and development
49what is water holding porosity
total pore space containing water when drained freely (micropores)
50water holding capacity. containers must sustain seedlings between watering. what variables are taken into consideration
container- type and height. growing media - particle size and mixture. pore space/ porosity. dimensional stability
51what is a perched water table
portion at the bottom of any container that remains flooded even though there is a drainage hole. does not support root growth(length). Holds water for root uptake. Anaerobic environment
52what is cation exchange capacity
ability of a growing medium to hold nutrients so they are available to trees
53why are cations (nutrients) positivley charged
so they can adsorb to negatively charged sites within the soil
54true or false organic matter has high CEC
true
55characteristics of growing medium used for trees
acidic PH 5.5-6.5 , high CEC, Low natural fertility, balanced pore sizes, pest resistant (sanitized)
56true or false we can select soil types and mix according to the needs of the tree species we want to grow
true
57at fleming what is the forestry mix made up of
2:1:1 ratio 2 parts peat moss 1 part vermiculite 1 part perlite
58true or false: tree nurseries combine peat moss, vermiculite, perlite, sawdust and sand
true
59characteristics of peat moss
lightweight, large macropores, high water holding capacity, high CEC, slightly acidic (sphagnum ph 3.5-4.0) , resists root rot, easily accesible in canada, shrinks and expands
60characteristics of vermiculite
ph neutral 6.0-7.6 , high CEC (nutrient holding capacity), highly absorbant (water holding capacity), sterile, slow release potasium and magnesium, resistant to compaction when mixed with peat/ perlite
61characteristics of perlite
hydrophillic but absorbs water in expanded channels, Low CEC, particle size maintained under compressiom, creates macropores, high aeration porosity, lightweight, neutral ph 6.0-8.0, sterile
62true or false in the forest moisture, light and temperature are the major drivers for tree activity
true
63when does dormacy break take place
in the spring
64when do flower / leaf and fruit production take place
in the summer
65when does dormacy take place
in fall through winter
66what is anemophily
polination done by wind , most common in conifers
67what is entomophily
pollination done by insects ( most common in trees that produce sticky pollen)
68what is ornithophily
pollination done by birds
69what is therophily
pollination done by animals
70true or false insect damage on seedlings is an example of abiotic damage
false - caused by a living organism so it is considered biotic
71true or false fertilizer burn is an exmple of abiotic damage
true
72true or false insect feeding can lead to disease
true
73the actual evidence of the casual organism is called a symptom or a sign?
sign
74true or false symptoms can be caused by a variety or biotic or abiotic factors
true
75true or false. abiotic diseases are considered to be noninfectious
true
76true or false environmental stress may weaken the seedling and predispose it to attacks by pests
true
77true or false an environment designed to produce rapid seedling growth also favours the developmemt of many biotic and abiotic diseases
true
78vegatative propagation is known as
asexual reproduction
79true or false vegetative propagation is a low cost option of woody plant production
true
80true or false vegetative propagation ensures earlier and more frequent flowering than trees grown from seed
true