Tectonics

lightning
hurricanes
heavy rain
drought
tornado
snowlizzard

volcanic eruption
earthquake
avalanche
landslide
tsunami

river floods
coastal floods

population density
poverty
climate change

urbanisation/population density
poverty
climate change

more than 55% of the world live in urban areas
tightly packed spaces
earthquakes more likely to occur and damage

more changes in weather conditions and temperature leading to more intense storms and hurricanes as well as increased flood risk
atmosphere gains more energy so areas become drier and more prone to famine and droughts

lics suffer more as there are a lot less opportunities to rebuild damage and buildings arent as safe

piece of crust

where 2 plates meet

pangea

continental drift

jigsaw theory
fossil theory

convection currents

up to 5000

up to 3000

pacific
african
nazca
north american
indian
cocos
eurasian
australian
caribbean
south american
antarctic
arabian

up tp 75km

semi molten

liquid

solid

heating and cooling of semi molten mantle
magma heated by outer core
rises until recahes crust where it is forced sideways with the crust
magma cools and sinks to outer core

convection currents pull two plates apart
magma rises from mantle forming an ocesnic ridge if under watet
as it rises it cause rocks in the crust to crack tiggering earthquakes
when magma reaches the surface it escapes and forms sheild volcano

shield volcanoes
weak earthquakes

south america and pacific plate

1. convection currents in the mantle push oceanic and continental plates together
2. the denser oceanic plate is subducted under the less dense continental plate into the mantle
3. the oceanic plate melts into the mantle and rises up through the continental plate forming a composite volcano
4. it can also form an oceanic trench due to subduction
5. earthquakes can also occur due to rocks in the crust cracking

6. if the two plates are both continental then they can form fold mountains

violent composite volcano
violent earthquakes
fold mountains
oceanic trench

nazca plate and south american plate

1. two plate move past each other either in the same or opposite direction (one has to move faster than the other)
2. if two plates get stuck then pressure builds up until the rock cannot withstand anymore pressure and it breaks
3. this causes the stored energy to release and dissipate forming a vioent earthquake

violent earthquake
tsunami

north american and pacific plate

doesnt sink
less dense
commonly carries land masses or continents
permanent

commknly carries oceans
constantly being destroyed
more dense

suddent violent shaking of the ground caused by the release of energy in the earths curst typically due to the movement of tectonic plates

point verticslly above the focus on the earths surface

waves of energy that travel through the earths layers

the point were the pressure is released, this is the start of the earthquake

the direction of the plates which causes the build up of pressure due to friction

movement up and down

movement side to side which travel faster

richter scale using a machine called a seisometer

logarhythmic scale where each junp of 1 is actually 10 times more

magnitude

lower birth rate
lower death rate
larger GDP so they can afford repairs
better education
safer infrastructure
better healthcare
availiablity of supplies
advanced military
well paying jobs

higher birth rate
higher death rate
lower life expectancy
lower GDP
worse education
weaker infrastructure with poor building quality
poverty
small military

things that connect us including road railways airports 4G and pipes

something that happesn in the hours directly after an earthquake/hazard

something that happens days and weeks after the effects of an earthquake

emergency medical aid
clearing debris
search and rescue operations
setting up temporary sheltets
restoring power and communication

rebuilding homes and infrastructure
developing early warning systems
economic support and aid
improving building regulations
mental health support
community preparedness training

laser beams detect plate movement
seisometer picks up vibration in the crust but its already too late!!!!
water levels rise in wells
radon gas escapes from crack in the crust - this is monitored to see increases
animals behave strangely

evacuation drill and earthquake simulator
evacuation and student drills, like counting aloud to 60
train rescue teams
animals are trained to find survivors
robots detect heat from humans
pre packed safety kits

large earthquakes and volcanic eruptions dont occur too often

better building designs make people feel safer

effective monitoring of volcanoes and tsunamis allow residents to evacuate

those in poverty care more about other issues

plate margins are found near favourable areas like ports

some arent aware

provide benefits like fertile soil, rocks for buildings and hot water

fault liens allow water to reach the surface winds which is good for deserts

crust and brittle part of mantle

upper mantle

when - march 2011
where - 100km east of sendai underwater
why - destructive plate margin at the north american and pacific plate boundary

when - april 2015
where - 80km north west of kathmandu
why - detructive plate margin at the indo-australian plate and euarsian plate boundary

wealth - GNI $41690 development - HDI 0.919

wealth - GNI $1090 development - HDI 0.602

500,000

3 million

18000

9000 died and 20000 injured

destroyed thousands of homes
roads and rails damged
no electricty
water and sewage affected
dam burst near fukushima city
destroyed ports
explosion at nuclear power station
$235 billion in damage

electricity, water supplies, sanitation and communications affected
7000 schools destroyed
hospitals overwhelmed
international airport was congested
50% of shops destroyed

560km squared of coastal land and farmland were destroyed

ground shaking triggered landslides, avalanches which blocked roads and hampered relief efforts
avalanche on mt everest killed 19
avalanche in langtang reguon left 250 missing
landslide blicked kali gandaki river, 140km north west of kathmandu

9

7.9

tsunami

international aid provided emergency food kits for 8k and shelter materials for 20k famillies however 1.4mil needed supplies

more than 500k tents were set up in field hospitals

helicopters rescued those inpacted by the avalanche on mt everest

100k members of the japanese self defence force searched and rescued missing people

within a few weeks some roads and railway network had been restored

500k people were evacuated to higher ground before tsunami

by the end of 2015 most roads were repared and cleared as well as trekking routes on mt everest were restored

the nepal earthquake revonstruction project provided grants to help people rebuild their homes using better materials

UNESCO helps the government to repair 700 damaged temples palaces and museums

by early 2015 most debris was cleared and housing was built away from low lying coasts

in 2013 an upgraded tsunami warning system was launched proviing faster and accurate predictions

sea walls built up to 12.5m

using a reconstruction budget of $150 billion 30000 units of public housing were completed replacing almost all temporary homes