Final Cram

In permissive homes, children

A. receive ample guidance.
B. are expected to perform well, fulfill commitments, and participate in family duties.
C. are usually left on their own.
D. tend to develop uncertainty and anxiousness about their actions.

Authoritarian Parenting

Permissive Parenting

Authoritative Parenting

According to Diana Baumrind, authoritative parents are high in control and ________ in warmth.

A. low
B. extremely low
C. high
D. moderate

According to the ________ perspective, the key process supporting gender development in children is observation of models and reinforcement.

A. psychoanalytic
B. evolutionary
C. social learning
D. cognitive

Which of the following is true of the self-concept?

A. The self-concept begins to evolve during middle childhood.
B. The self-concept evolves during prenatal development.
C. The development of the self-concept precedes the development of self-awareness.
D. The self-concept has a social aspect.

Young children tend to overestimate their abilities because

A. they are socially pressured to do so.
B. they often receive positive feedback from the adults around them.
C. they are always competing to be better than their peers.
D. their self-esteem tends to be multidimensional.

Which of the following is true of the gender differences exhibited by children?

A. Sex-typed play preferences tend to decrease between toddlerhood and middle childhood.
B. During early childhood, boys tend to use more responsive language, such as praise, agreement, and acknowledgment than girls do.
C. During early childhood, girls tend to have greater overall intelligence than boys do.
D. The degree of sex-typed behavior exhibited early in life is a strong indicator of later gender-based behavior.

Erikson's concept of the conflict between initiative vs. guilt marks a split between two parts of the personality, the part that is full of desire to test new powers and the part that is

A. acting out violent impulses towar parents of the opposite gender.
B. constantly examining the propriety of motives and actions.
C. eager to remain a child.
D. coming to terms with the eventual death of both parents.

Which of the following cultures value self-esteem the least in the development of children's sense of self?

A. France
B. United States
C. Japan
D. Germany

Identify a true statement about dramatic play.

A. It is a type of play that becomes more social after the preschool years.
B. It involves the understanding of rules and procedures.
C. It helps children develop goal-seeking skills and planning skills.
D. Children typically prefer to engage in dramatic play with their siblings rather than with peers.

According to the social learning approach to gender development, a child is most likely to acquire a gender role by

A. actively thinking about it and constructing his or her own gender-typing.
B. going through the process of identification.
C. imitating models and being rewarded for exhibiting gender-appropriate behavior.
D. acknowledging the biological differences between him or her and the opposite sex.

According to the biological approach to gender development, a child is most likely to acquire a gender role by

A. actively thinking about it and constructing his or her own gender-typing.
B. going through the process of identification.
C. imitating models and being rewarded for exhibiting gender-appropriate behavior.
D. acknowledging the biological differences between him or her and the opposite sex.

According to the evolutionary approach to gender development, a child is most likely to acquire a gender role by

A. evolutionary differences in reproductive and parenting behaviors for each sex.
B. going through the process of identification.
C. imitating models and being rewarded for exhibiting gender-appropriate behavior.
D. acknowledging the biological differences between him or her and the opposite sex.

According to the psychoanalytic approach to gender development, a child is most likely to acquire a gender role by

A. interpreting and using information about behavior by gender once biological sex is learned
B. identifying with the same-sex parent
C. imitating models and being rewarded for exhibiting gender-appropriate behavior.
D. acknowledging the biological differences between him or her and the opposite sex.

The tendency to attribute life to objects that are not alive is known as

A. animism.
B. transduction.
C. object permanence.
D. theory of mind.

According to the cognitive approach to gender development, a child is most likely to acquire a gender role by

A. interpreting and using information about behavior by gender once biological sex is learned
B. identifying with the same-sex parent
C. imitating models and being rewarded for exhibiting gender-appropriate behavior.
D. acknowledging the biological differences between him or her and the opposite sex.

Which of the following changes in bodily growth and development occurs during early childhood?

A. Body weight doubles.
B. Cartilage turns to bone at a faster rate than before.
C. The toddler potbelly grows slightly bigger as fatty tissue develops.
D. Children grow more quickly than they did before.

The difference between sensory memory and working memory is that

A. sensory memory contains information being encoded, whereas working memory contains information before it is encoded.
B. sensory memory holds visual stimuli, whereas working memory holds auditory stimuli.
C. sensory memory holds auditory stimuli, whereas working memory holds visual stimuli.
D. sensory memory contains information before it is encoded, whereas working memory contains information being encoded.

Sensory Memory

Working Memory

Long-Term Memory

Which of the following has the most significant impact on how rapidly children advance in math?

A. socioeconomic status
B. gender
C. race
D. sexual orientation

Which of the following statements is true of the gender differences in the physical development of children in early childhood?

A. Boys are slightly taller and heavier than girls.
B. Girls have a slight edge in height over boys.
C. Boys have more fatty tissue than girls do.
D. Girls have a slight edge in weight over boys.

According to Piaget, children in the preoperational stage reason by transduction because

A. they assume that everyone thinks as they do.
B. they can imagine that things are something different than they are.
C. they focus on states rather than transformations.
D. they see causes where none exist.

Preoperational Stage

Most deaths of children under the age of 5 are a result of infectious diseases and ________.

A. neonatal complications
B. war homicide
C. accidents
D. cancer

Theory of mind includes the understanding that

A. non-living objects cannot think and do not have life.
B. gratification can be delayed.
C. others have their own distinctive beliefs, desires, and intentions.
D. people's identities do not change when they wear a wig or a mask.

Pretend play is proof of children's ability to grasp

A. deductive reasoning.
B. causality.
C. the use of symbols.
D. inductive reasoning.

Scaffolding refers to

A. a child engaging in pretend play.
B. segregating children in school on the basis of ability.
C. providing temporary support to help a child master a task.
D. a child exercising his gross motor skills.

________ is defined as a reciprocal, enduring tie between two people—especially between infant and caregiver—each of whom contributes to the quality of the relationship.

A. Habituation
B. Integration
C. Attachment
D. Identification

At what age do infants generally begin to smile readily at people?

A. 6 to 9 months
B. 3 to 6 months
C. 0 to 3 months
D. 9 to 12 months

Which of the following terms is defined as the appropriateness of environmental demands and constraints to a child's temperament?

A. goodness of fit
B. structural adaptation
C. identity accommodation
D. mutual regulation

In the context of the four patterns of infant crying, which of the following is described as a variation of a rhythmic cry in which excess air is forced through the vocal cords?

A. the pain cry
B. the angry cry
C. the basic hunger cry
D. the frustration cry

High fuss and cry durations over the first six weeks of life seem to be

A. positively related to lenient parenting.
B. a function of living in developed countries.
C. positively related to authoritarian parenting.
D. a universal behavior of children across all cultures.

Omar has started to squeal with joy when his father gives him gleeful looks and become angry when his father makes angry sounds at him. To which of the following age groups does Omar most likely belong?

A. 0 to 2 months
B. 7 to 9 months
C. 3 to 6 months
D. 10 to 12 months

________ is the earliest and most powerful way infants communicate their needs.

A. Crying
B. Anticipatory smiling
C. Social smiling
D. Cooing

________ is the state of being male or female.

A. Temperament
B. Gender segregation
C. Sexual orientation
D. Gender

Which of the following is Erik Erikson's first stage in psychosocial development in which infants develop a sense of the reliability of people and objects?

A. basic sense of trust versus mistrust
B. intimacy versus isolation
C. identity versus role confusion
D. ego integrity versus despair

Unlike emotions, temperament

A. is relatively consistent and enduring.
B. is unrelated to childhood personality.
C. appears late in childhood.
D. is a biologically based tendency to respond to the environment in unpredictable ways.

Which of the following statements is true of breastfeeding?

A. The only acceptable alternative to breast milk is a calcium-fortified formula.
B. The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends that babies be exclusively breast-fed for 18 months.
C. In recent years, there has been a decrease in the practice of breastfeeding among black women.
D. Breast-feeding mothers are less likely to develop osteoporosis.

Which of the following conditions in maternity hospitals reduced the mortality for childbearing women considerable in the early 20th century?

A. more antiseptic conditions
B. genetic testing
C. sophisticated ultrasound
D. more doulas

Which of the following statements is true about trends in childbirth in the United States?

A. The maternal mortality rate steadily increased from 1940 to 2010.
B. Most babies today are born through home births.
C. The infant mortality rate steadily increased from 1940 to 2010.
D. Most births today are attended by physicians.

Labor is brought on by a series of uterine, cervical, and other changes called

A. acclimation.
B. parturition.
C. canalization.
D. estivation.

The process by which neurons that control various groups of muscles coordinate their activities is known as

A. differentiation.
B. integration.
C. myelination.
D. migration.

Rob believes that vaccinations for children are overrated and are propagated mainly by moneymaking pharmaceutical companies. Which of the following is the most effective argument to convince Rob of the importance of regular vaccinations for children?

A. Some vaccines can cause autism or other neurodevelopmental disorders.
B. Vaccines are more expensive than many other modes of preventive health-care technology.
C. The amount of funding for developing new vaccines has decreased in the past few years.
D. Many controlled diseases have resurged in communities with low rates of vaccination.

The neonatal period refers to the first ________ of life.

A. 10 days
B. 2 weeks
C. 3 months
D. 4 weeks

The medical term for lack of oxygen is

A. hypothermia.
B. hyperoxia.
C. ischemia.
D. anoxia.

Unlike Braxton-Hicks contractions, real labor contractions

A. are less painful.
B. decrease in intensity during childbirth.
C. are more irregular.
D. are more rhythmic.

Which of the following is true of the dilation of the cervix during childbirth?

A. It begins when the baby emerges completely from the mother's body.
B. It is caused by increasingly frequent vaginal contractions.
C. It lasts until the cervix is fully open.
D. It is the shortest stage of childbirth for a woman having her first child.

In the context of the role of parents and caregivers in social interaction, identify a true statement about vocabulary development.

A. A strong relationship exists between the frequency of specific words in mothers' speech and the order in which children learn these words.
B. Mothers' talkativeness and the size of toddlers' vocabularies are mutually exclusive and independent of each other.
C. Low-income parents' sensitivity and cognitive stimulation provided during play are unlikely to affect their child's cognitive development at ages 2 and 3.
D. Vocabularies of low-income children tend to become similar to each other by age 3.

In the context of language development, which of the following statements is true about cooing?

A. It occurs between ages 6 and 10 months.
B. It involves repeating consonant-vowel strings, such as "ma-ma-ma-ma."
C. It involves squealing, gurgling, and making vowel sounds.
D. It is often mistaken for a baby's first word.

According to the language milestones from birth to 3 years, who among the following is most likely to use new words every other day, combine three or more words to talk, and make many mistakes related to grammar?

A. Connor who is 36 months old
B. Adam who is 24 months old
C. Grace who is 18 months old
D. Chloe who is 30 months old

Which of the following refers to the theory that human beings have an inborn capacity for language acquisition?

A. nativism
B. reciprocal determinism
C. internalization
D. lateralization

Cultural context influences the way caregivers contribute to cognitive development. Unlike middle-class urban communities, in rural communities in developing countries,
A. children frequently observe and participate in adults' work activities.
B. parents or caregivers show more interest in children's play and learning.
C. parents or caregivers have more time for their babies.
D. toddlers interact with adults in the context of child's play.

Which of the following concepts best explains the excitement that is most likely to be reported by 3-year-olds on their first day of preschool?

A. operant conditioning
B. guided participation
C. novelty preference
D. pictorial competence

Which of the following is defined as a type of learning in which familiarity with a stimulus reduces, slows, or stops a response?

A. deferred imitation
B. operant conditioning
C. nativism
D. habituation

In the context of the sequence of early language development, which of the following statements is true about gestures?

A. Hearing and deaf babies use symbolic gestures in significantly different ways.
B. Gestures usually appear before children have a vocabulary of 25 words.
C. At 10 months, babies begin to use highly elaborate representational gestures.
D. By 9 months, most babies have learned the basic social gestures.

Identify Piaget's term for processes by which an infant learns to reproduce desired occurrences originally discovered by chance.

A. schemas
B. mental combinations
C. visual preferences
D. circular reactions

Who was the originator of the psychoanalytic perspective on human development?

A. Sigmund Freud
B. John B. Watson
C. Ivan Pavlov
D. Erik Erikson

The process by which a behavior is strengthened, increasing the likelihood that the behavior will be repeated, is known as

A. assimilation.
B. equilibration.
C. punishment.
D. reinforcement.

________ is specifically defined as a change in number or amount, such as height, weight, or vocabulary size.

A. Transitional change
B. Transformational change
C. Qualitative change
D. Quantitative change

________ is specifically defined as a change in kind, structure, or organization, not just in number.
A. Transitional change
B. Quantitative change
C. Qualitative change
D. Transformational change

Which of the following is true according to classic social learning theory?

A. Behaviors are learned by observing and imitating models.
B. Observable behaviors are caused by hereditary factors.
C. Learning is based on reinforcement and punishment.
D. Learning is based on association of behavior with its consequences.

Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development is considered important because

A. psychosocial stages provide the basis for classical conditioning.
B. it emphasizes the impact of hereditary influences on human development.
C. it emphasizes social and cultural influences and development beyond adolescence.
D. psychosocial stages are entirely based on social learning.

According to Jean Piaget, people

A. create increas­ingly complex cognitive structures called schemes.
B. behave based on the operation of biological parts in response to internal stimuli.
C. are like machines that react to environmental input.
D. react primarily based on quantitative change rather than qualitative change.

In the context of the theories of human development, identify a true statement about behaviorists.

A. They consider development as active rather than reactive.
B. They focus on associative learning, in which a mental link is formed between two events.
C. They believe that development is discontinuous.
D. They are proponents of stage theories in which development is seen as occurring in a series of distinct stages.

Which of the following is true of theories?

A. No theory is ever proven.
B. Theories can never be modified.
C. Theories do not have the flexibility to account for unexpected data.
D. Research cannot indicate whether a theory is accurate in its predictions.

Identify a true statement about theories.

A. Observational research conclusively proves that a theory is a fact.
B. Theories lack the flexibility to account for unexpected data.
C. Theories organize and explain the information gathered by research.
D. Experimental research conclusively shows a theory to be true.

Which of the following is true of prenatal development?

A. During the embryonic stage, the zygote divides and becomes more complex.
B. The embryo's head and trunk develop before its arms and legs.
C. The embryo's fingers and toes develop before its arms and legs.
D. During gestation, the original single-celled embryo grows into a zygote and then a fetus.

Dizygotic twins are different from monozygotic twins in that

A. dizygotic twins result from the cleaving of one fertilized egg.
B. dizygotic twins are susceptible to twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome.
C. dizygotic twins are generally genetically identical and are also known as identical twins.
D. genetically, dizygotic twins are like siblings who inhabit the same womb at the same time.

Which of the following is true of genes?

A. Each gene is located in a definite position on its chromosome and contains thousands of bases.
B. They determine the biological sex of a human being.
C. They are coils of DNA that consist of chromosomes.
D. Every cell in the normal human body except the sex cells has 23 pairs of genes—46 genes in all.

Normally, fertilization takes place

A. when a woman is ovulating.
B. while the ovum is passing through the fallopian tube.
C. in the ovaries.
D. in the cervix, the opening of the uterus.

Xiomara is a 21-year-old woman. Since she turned 13, a mature follicle in either of her ovaries ruptured and released an egg every month. The biological process illustrated in this scenario is called

A. fertilization.
B. ovulation.
C. canalization.
D. gestation.

Which of the following is true of the normative-stage models of adult psychosocial development?

A. They are psychosocial models that seek to complement and expand trait research by looking at personality as a functioning whole.
B. They hold that the course of development depends on when certain events occur in people's lives.
C. They are psychosocial models that focus on the measurement and examination of certain characteristics that vary between people.
D. They hold that adults follow a basic sequence of age-related psychosocial changes.

What complicates transgender identity development for many young adults?

A. Many transgender people must also weigh the social consequences of changing gender.
B. Transgender people need to align their identity with their transgender peers, which can be confusing.
C. Transgender people are predominantly non-white, which layers the transgender development with ethnic identity development.
D. Transgender people often refuse to reject binary gender norms into late adulthood.

Which of the following is true of the timing-of-events model of adult psychosocial development?

A. It focuses on the measurement and examination of certain traits that vary between people.
B. It describes psychosocial development in terms of a definite sequence of age-related changes.
C. It holds that the course of development depends on when certain incidents happen in people's lives.
D. It seeks to complement and expand trait research by looking at personality as a functioning whole.

Which of the following is a trend associated with marriage?

A. Religious people are less likely to marry at earlier ages than are others.
B. Religious people are less likely to endorse earlier marriage than are others.
C. Marriage is associated with increases in economic security for both men and women.
D. Marriage is seldom affected by demographic and economic changes.

A payment made by a groom or his family to the bride’s family is known as a:

A. bride service
B. dowry
C. arranged marriage
D. bride price

A payment by a bride’s family to the newly married couple or to the groom’s family is known as a

A. bride service.
B. arranged marriage.
C. bride price.
D. dowry.

In the context of gay and lesbian relationships, which of the following is is true as of 2018, according to McCarthy?

A. Sixty-seven percent of Americans support gay marriage.
B. Ninety-six percent of gay men in the United States are in romantic relationships.
C. The number of gay and lesbian adults coming out of the closet has reduced drastically.
D. Those who are close to a gay or lesbian person are less likely to be supportive of gay marriage.

In the context of marital and nonmarital styles, according to U.S. Census Bureau (2018), which of the following is TRUE?

A. The proportion of young adults age 18 to 34 who have not yet married has increased from 41 percent in 1978 to 71 percent in 2018.
B. In 2014, the age at first marriage was 20 years for women and 23 years for men in the United States.
C. Between 1970 and 2007, there has been a significant increase in the marriage rate in almost all countries.
D. The marriage rate increased significantly in 2010 primarily among young adults aged 25 to 34 in the United States.

Research about the effect of parenthood on marital satisfaction shows that

A. only in a few cultures does parenthood lead to a decrease in marital satisfaction.
B. it typically declines during the child-raising years, but that is not universally true.
C. there is no evidence that parenthood affects marital satisfaction one way or the other.
D. all cultures report decreases in marital satisfaction during the child-raising years.

Why does it matter that the approach to the study of identity development was conceptualized in the United States?

A. Nations like Germany or England place a greater emphasis is on collectivism and focused more strongly on group membership.
B. Americans place an emphasis upon individualism and personal autonomy.
C. Americans value identities more than other nationalities.
D. Americans are more prosperous than any other nation.

In the context of brain development, the loss in density of gray matter with age is balanced by

A. an increase in the number of neurons.
B. a steady increase in white matter.
C. a decrease in the myelination of the connections between neurons.
D. a steady decrease in the thickness of the connections between neurons.

Identify a true statement about white matter in the brain.

A. It is com­posed of closely packed neurons in the cerebral cortex.
B. It is made of glial cells and myelinated axons.
C. Its decline is driven by a loss in the density of gray matter.
D. Its overall volume decreases prepuberty.

Arthur repeatedly says the address of his new house so that he will not forget it before writing it down. In this scenario, Arthur uses a form of mnemonic device called

A. rehearsal.
B. elaboration.
C. causality.
D. organization.

Eight-year-old Jeanne gets easily distracted and has trouble focusing on tasks. Her teachers say that she seems to not listen when they are talking to her. She regularly makes careless errors when performing schoolwork and finds it difficult to remember things taught at school. She is impulsive and has low tolerance for frustration. She is most likely to be diagnosed with

A. obsessive-compulsive personality disorder (OCPD).
B. attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
C. narcolepsy.
D. dyslexia.

In the context of cognitive development, the ability to delib­erately direct one's concentration and shut out distractions is known as

A. transitive inference.
B. object permanence.
C. selective attention.
D. class inclusion.

In the context of mnemonics, as children grow older, they

A. develop better memory strategies and use them more effectively.
B. stick to using a single strategy for remembering a task.
C. avoid using different mnemonic devices for different problems.
D. lose the ability to assess if they are reach­ing their memory goals.

Which of the following is true about obesity in children?

A. Obesity often results from eating homemade foods rather than fast foods.
B. Girls are slightly more likely to be overweight than boys.
C. Children are less likely to be overweight if they have overweight parents because such children are aware of the bad effects of obesity.
D. Obesity often results from an inherited tendency aggravated by too little exercise and too much or the wrong kinds of food.

Which of the following is true about the physical development that occurs to children between ages 6 and 11?

A. The average 10-year-old boy weighs under 60 pounds.
B. The average 10-year-old girl weighs under 50 pounds.
C. They grow about 7 to 8 inches each year.
D. They double their weight during this period.

Asthma is 20 percent more likely to be diagnosed in ______ children than in _______ children.

A. white; Black
B. Hispanic; Black
C. Asian; non-Asian
D. Black; white

_______ is characterized by high levels of glucose in the blood as a result of defective insulin production, ineffective insulin action, or both.

A. Epilepsy
B. Arthritis
C. Bronchitis
D. Diabetes

Identify a true statement about reflective thinking.

A. It refers to commonsense knowledge of how to get ahead.
B. Continuous, active evaluation of actions and beliefs in the context of evidence
C. it combines logic with emotion and practical experience in the resolution of ambiguous problems.
D. It encompasses the ability to memorize information and retrieve it when required.

Which of the following statements is true about the distinct period of the life span known as emerging adulthood?

A. It is a period that is defined by all cultures in the same manner.
B. It is a period that causes most young people to develop a negative view of their future and feel anxious about their adult lives.
C. It is largely tied to development in Western countries, especially among relatively affluent young people.
D. It is dependent on the milestone of completing education.

Which of the following is a characteristic of postformal thought?

A. It is characterized by its rigidity and inflexibility.
B. It is characterized by the ability to deal with inconsistency, contra­diction, and compromise.
C. It is characterized by an absolutist approach and perspective to conflicting situations and ideas.
D. It is characterized by careful consideration of information or beliefs.

Identify a true statement about impact of socioeconomic status and race on access to postsecondary education in the United States.

A. The percentage of college students who are minorities is decreasing, primarily due to decreased numbers of Latinos, Pacific Islanders, and Asian Amer­icans.
B. Less than 20 percent of bachelor's degrees are earned by white students.
C. Many students from more modest circumstances are likely to work while attending college, which often slows their progress.
D. Students from wealthier families are more likely than their counterparts to drop out of college before graduating.

Which of the following is true about the emerging adulthood period of the human life span?

A. It is a period during which young people have settled into adult roles.
B. It is an exploratory process that is not shared by all young adults in the world.
C. It is a period during which young people continue to remain adolescents.
D. It is marked by the developmental milestone of financial independence.

Which of the following is true about fertility in men and women?

A. Men's fertility is more affected by age than women's fertility.
B. Women's fertility substantially decreases dur­ing their 30s.
C. Women's fertility remains at its peak in their late 20s.
D. Men's fertility begins to decline in their late 60s.

Which of the following is TRUE about drug use and abuse among young adults?

A. Marijuana is the least popular illicit drug among young adults.
B. Usage rates increase sharply during the 20s, and then continue to increase as people enter later adulthood and old age.
C. There is no relationship between the occurrence of personality disorders and the abuse of both illegal drugs and alcohol.
D. People with substance use disorders are likely to also have mood or anxiety disorders.

Which of the following refers to a mature type of thinking that relies on subjective experience and intuition as well as logic and allows room for ambiguity, uncertainty, inconsistency, contradiction, imperfection, and compromise?

A. postformal thought
B. reflective thinking
C. contextual thought
D. sequential thinking

Which of the following is true about emotional intelligence?

A. It requires awareness of the type of behavior that allows a person to get ahead, such as winning a promotion.
B. It refers to the abilities to perceive, use, understand, and manage, or regulate, emotions to achieve goals.
C. It enables a person to harness emotions to use theoretical knowledge in a highly effective manner.
D. It requires fresh insights and original ideas to come up with the best solution for a problem.

In the context of emerging adulthood, which of the following is the most effective way of preventing sexually transmitted infections (STIs)?

A. taking a hot shower immediately after unprotected sex
B. using condoms
C. being vaccinated against most STIs
D. consuming contraceptive pills and multivitamin tablets

For many young people in minority groups, perceived discrimination during the transition to adolescence can lead to

A. a decrease in self-esteem and depression.
B. juvenile delinquency.
C. sexual confusion.
D. a return to their native land.

In the United States, teen pregnancies are most likely for teenagers with

A. high education outcomes.
B. a middle-class, two-parent household.
C. low initial birthweight.
D. low socio-economic status.

Which of the following statements is true about sexual behavior in adolescence?

A. The use of contraceptives among sexually-active girls has decreased since the 1990s.
B. The percentage of U.S. adolescents who have ever had intercourse has increased over the past few decades.
C. Condoms are the most common form of contraception used by teenagers who have sex for the first time.
D. In the United States, teenage boys are more likely to be sexually experienced than teenage girls.

Which of the following statements is true about romantic relationships in adolescence?

A. Adolescents choose their romantic partner from their own friendship network.
B. Romantic relationships tend to become less intense and intimate across adolescence.
C. By middle adolescence, adolescents think about romantic partners more than they think of friends.
D. By early adolescence, romantic relationships begin to serve the full gamut of emotional needs that they can serve.

What process includes practices that teach children about their racial or ethnic heritage, promotes cultural customs and traditions, and fosters racial/ethnic and cultural pride?

A. the moratorium
B. ethnic foreclosure
C. cultural socialization
D. perceived discrimination

Identity versus role confusion refers to a stage in which adolescents seek to

A. develop a coherent sense of self, including the role they are to play in society.
B. feel a sense of safety, care, and commitment in relationships.
C. productively participate in society and involve themselves in community activities.
D. prove their competency to the society and become satisfied with their abilities.

Which of the following is least likely to reduce teenage pregnancy rates?

A. access to family planning services
B. comprehensive sex education
C. abstinence-only programs
D. programs that focus on raising self-esteem

According to Erikson, the search for ________ comes into focus during the teenage years.

A. ego integrity
B. isolation
C. identity
D. industry

Most gay, lesbian, and bisexual youth begin to identify as such between the ages of

A. 7 and 9 years.
B. 3 and 6 years.
C. 12 and 17 years.
D. 16 and 24 years.

Which of the following is true about crowds and cliques?

A. Cliques are based on reputation and image rather than personal interaction.
B. Clique affiliations become strong as adolescence progresses.
C. Being part of a crowd is considered a taboo in high school.
D. Crowd membership is a social construction.

School-age girls are different from school-age boys in that they

A. have more than five best friends and play with all of them at the same time.
B. tend to be less intimate and affectionate with their friends.
C. tend to have more friendships.
D. care more about having a few close friends whom they can rely on.

Aggression intended to hurt another person is called

A. hostile aggression.
B. direct aggression.
C. instrumental aggression.
D. social aggression.

In the context of co-parenting in a divorced family, which of the following is true of joint legal custody?

A. In this arrangement, the parent who is financially sound is given the sole right to decide the child's welfare.
B. This arrangement is less common than joint physical custody.
C. In this arrangement, parents share the responsibility to make decisions regarding their child's welfare.
D. In this arrangement, the child lives part-time with each parent.

Aaron is a 9-year-old boy. His parents often have arguments over his father's gambling addiction. Aaron is usually afraid and highly anxious. In this scenario, Aaron is exhibiting

A. altruistic behaviors.
B. intelligent behaviors.
C. externalizing behaviors.
D. internalizing behaviors.

Intelligent behavior

Altruistic behavior

In the context of Erikson's psychosocial development stage of industry versus inferiority, children most likely develop a sense of inferiority when they fail to

A. find a strong sense of meaning in life.
B. get appreciation from other people.
C. develop healthy social relationships.
D. make a lasting contribution to the world.

Why have several states considered or adopted legislation sanctioning second-parent adoption by same-sex partners?

A. Straight couples are generally uninterested in adoption.
B. Research have shown gay and lesbian adoptive parents superior to immigrant birth parents.
C. The legalization of gay marriage has pressured state legislatures.
D. Research has shown no consistent difference between homosexual and heterosexual parents in emotional health.

Which of the following statements about family conflict is TRUE?

A. If family conflict is honest and expressive, it can help children win in future conflicts, regardless of the cost to social relationships.
B. If family conflict faces law enforcement intervention, children learn valuable skills in trauma survival.
C. If family conflict is constructive, it can help children learn how to solve interpersonal problems.
D. If family conflict is constructive, children can learn how to undermine the emotional security of their rivals within the family.

Which of the following is true of children raised by gay or lesbian parents?

A. They are more likely to be homosexual or to be confused about their gender than are children raised by heterosexual couples.
B. They are not likely to have positive relationships with their parents when compared with children raised by heterosexual parents.
C. They are no more likely than children raised by heterosexual parents to have emotional, social, academic, or psychological problems.
D. They have small to moderate, but consistent, negative social outcomes than children raised by heterosexual parents.

Identify the type of aggressors who view force and coercion as effective ways to get what they want.

A. instrumental aggressors
B. direct aggressors
C. relational aggressors
D. hostile aggressors

Which of the following statements is true about parents and children in middle childhood?

A. Parents rely more on direct intervention and less on discussion with their child with regard to problems among peers.
B. Children do not enjoy moment-to-moment self-regulation.
C. Parents who use physical punishment increase its use as children grow older.
D. Social power becomes more equal between parent and child than before.

In the context of the use and abuse of drugs, which of the following is the most widely used illicit drug in the United States despite the decline in its use since 1996–1997?

A. heroin
B. amphetamine
C. cocaine
D. marijuana

Identify a true statement about the secondary sex characteristics of humans.

A. In females, they include the ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, clitoris, and vagina.
B. They include bodily changes that unfold at specific ages but not in a particular sequence.
C. They are physiological signs of sexual maturation that do not directly involve the sex organs.
D. In males, they include the testes, penis, scrotum, seminal vesicles, and prostate gland.

The principal sign of sexual maturity in boys is

A. the deepening of their voice.
B. the widening of the shoulders.
C. the accumulation of fat under their skin.
D. the production of sperm.

Spermarche

Menarche

Which of the following refers to the process by which a person attains sexual maturity and the ability to reproduce?

A. puberty
B. recentering
C. internalization
D. fast mapping

Which of the following statements is true about the primary sex characteristics of humans?

A. They usually develop and mature prior to adolescence.
B. They include the breasts of females.
C. They include the broad shoulders of males.
D. They are the organs necessary for reproduction.

Boys' voices deepen during puberty as a result of the growth of the

A. testes.
B. shoulders.
C. larynx.
D. penis.

Secular trend

In the context of nutrition and eating disorders, which of the following is an early warning sign of anorexia nervosa in adolescent girls?

A. excessively inactive lifestyle
B. excessive bleeding during menstrual cycles
C. setting higher weight goals after reaching an initial desired weight
D. determined, secret dieting

In the context of treatment and outcomes of eating disorders, identify a true statement about anorexia nervosa.

A. More than 50 percent of the anorexia patients drop out of treatment before achieving an appropriate weight.
B. Among the surviving anorexia patients, almost 90 percent make a full recovery.
C. Recovery rates from anorexia nervosa are better than the recovery rates from bulimia nervosa.
D. Mortality rates among those affected with anorexia nervosa have been estimated at about 10 percent of cases.

During adolescent growth spurt, boys and girls grow differently in form and shape. In this context, identify a true statement about girls.

A. Unlike a boy's forearms, a girl's forearms become longer relative to her upper arms.
B. Layers of fat accumulate under girls' skin.
C. Fat accumulates twice as rapidly in boys as in girls.
D. Unlike a boy's legs, a girl's legs become longer relative to her trunk.

Teens exposed to alcohol and drugs before the age of 15 demonstrate an increased chance to develop

A. useful life experience.
B. an honest and supportive rapport with peers.
C. educational success in the creative fields.
D. risky sexual behavior.

"Stoners," "Jocks," and "Populars," in high school are examples of

A. cliques
B. crowds
C. groups
D. adolescent brain phases

The transition to adulthood in the United States today...

A. happens when adolescents smoke their first cigarrette
B. is a vaguely determined process that takes several years
C. happens at age 18 when individuals can vote
D. happens at age 16 when individuals can legally drive a car

According to lecture, adolescence is a:

A. social construction
B. clearly defined biological phenomenon
C. clearly defined psychological phenomenon
D. time for rejoicing

Reflective thinking and postformal thought are

A. are automatically attained at age 18
B. necessary to vote in the United States
C. highly uncommon during emerging adulthood
D. advanced forms of reasoning that are often attained during emerging adulthood

During lecture, the Practical Intelligence component of Sternberg's Triarchic Theory was described as:

A. Book learning
B. Imaginative Thinking
C. Street Smarts
D. Analytical computation

The "Big Five" is an example of:

A. a trait model of personality
B. higher moral reasoning
C. a normative stage model of personality
D. a culturally preferred transition

What does the "N" stand for in the Big Five model of personality?

A. Nonorganic failure to thrive
B. Neuroticism
C. Nativism
D. Neglect

According to lecture, having a risk factor means that:

A. you will definitely experience the negative outcome of that risk factor
B. if you have a risk factor for an outcome, you are more likely to experience that outcome than if you don't have a risk factor for it.
C. you will definitely not experience the negative outcome of that risk factor
D. you are less likely to experience that outcome than if you have that risk factor.

Which structure in the body releases gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH), which begins the hormonal cascade of puberty?

A. Hypothalamus
B. Gonad
C. Uterus
D. Heart

What is not a secondary sex characteristic in females?

A. appearance of pubic hair
B. Increase in height
C. development of breasts
D. widening of hips

According to lecture, eating disorders are commonly related to:

A. controlling mothers
B. body image
C. having older sisters
D. neighborhood status

Which of the lists below accurately represents the "Big Five"?

A. Introversion, conscientiousness, agreeableness, neuroticism, and mature
B. extraversion, introversion, neuroticism, hatefulness, and boring
C. openness to experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness and neuroticism
D. mature, insecure, happy, demonstrative, and silly

There are many paths to adulthood. Which one was NOT mentioned in lecture?

A. social class
B. gender
C. financial attainment
D. academic ability

The movie shown in class about the Gay Gene said that

A. being gay is definitely 100% not genetic
B. being gay is definitely 100% genetic
C. Homosexual men have a higher percentage of homosexual relatives than straight men
D. science has given up trying to figure out why people are LGBTQ+

According to lecture, alcohol and drug use prior to age 15 can create risks such as:

A. homelessness
B. lower paying jobs
C. having risky sex
D. instantaneous addiction

According to lecture and the textbook, sexual orientation is:

A. the awareness that one is either male or female
B. the same as gender identity
C. only important if you're gay
D. the focus of consistent sexual, romantic, and affectionate interest

In typological personality models, the term for people who are impulsive is:

A. undercontrolled
B. ego resilient
C. ego secure
D. overcontrolled

During lecture, the concept of postconventional moral reasoning was illustrated by scenes from

A. Harry Potter movies
B. James Bond movies
C. The Fast and the Furious movies
D. Star wars movies

During adolescence, crowds help individuals....

A. construct their identities
B. learn to choose life partners
C. maintain good relationships with siblings
D. learn to go through puberty

The characteristics of Empathy, Motivation, and Self-Regulation are all components of:

A. triarchic intelligence
B. emotional intelligence
C. postformal thought
D. moral reasoning

Triarchic Theory of Intelligence