Eng Lang Metalanguage

the level of sound placed on a scale from low to high.

the emphasis placed on a particular syllable to convey a meaning.

contrasting level of sounds in a speech.

the speed of speech (indicated by the amount and frequency of pauses).

the change of pitch as we speak.

temporary silence in speech.

vowels in unstressed positions reduced to a schwa.

sound changes (or assimilates) to become more like a neighbouring sound.

addition of sounds.

repetition of initial consonant sounds, either in consecutive words or words near each other

repetition of identical vowel sounds within words / internal rhyme

repetition of consonant sounds in words.

the imitation of sounds (natural, animal or noise).

the patterns of stressed and unstressed syllables in speech.

the repetition of word endings that have the same (or similar) vowel and consonant.

Verbs that convey a range of attitudes and moods about the likelihood of an event taking place.

A word that takes the place of a noun

words used to join words, phrases, or clauses

the repeated use of conjunctions

the omission of conjunctions

the repeated use of conjunctions between EACH word

clauses, and sentences are not subordinated or coordinated

subordination and coordination of sentences, clauses and phrases

particles, introduce noun phrases and function as modifiers

a word composed of parts of more than one word

Saying it as a whole / does not say each letter

Made up of the initial letters of words and are pronounced as separate letters

Shorter forms of the full form, either by dropping the beginning or the end

process of creating new words by putting two free morphemes together

contracts two words to make one word

development of common, everyday words from words originally proper nouns (people, places or brands)

Newly coined words, expression or usage

Statements

give orders or instructions (omitting the subject)

used to pose questions

exclamatory remarks

contains a single main clause

at least 2 main clauses, joined together by a coordinate conjunction (equal prominence)

A single main clause and one ore more subordinate clause

at least two main clauses and at least one subordinate clause

not a complete main clause/minor sentences

The omission of words from a sentence

create a noun from a word from any other word class, particularly verbs

The agent is the subject of the sentence.

The patient is the topic of the sentence with the agent moving out of the subject position.

passive constructions when the speaker/writer does not want to include a reference to an agent

a phrase or clause that provides extra information about an element, such as a subject or object.

Linking verbs that joins a noun complement or an adjective to the subject

phrases and clauses that function as adverbs

application of parallelism where the elements in parallel are in direct contrast with each other. (often are antonyms)

repetition of structurally similar phrases, clauses or sentences

listing three or more related elements

Three parallel phrases or clauses

A coherent text is one that can be understood

A conclusion that has been reached on the basis of evidence and reasoning

Visual and textual structure that allow for easy comprehension

Headings and Subheadings, Paragraphs, Brackets and asterisks, Sequencing of sentences, Bolding, underlined, font size

Aspects of discourses are the same throughout, like tenses, register, jargon etc (similar enumeration, semantic field, using dominant sentence types)

Complying to the expected conventions of a discourse type

means of establishing connections within a text at different structural levels/mechanical construction of the text to aid understanding

The process whereby lexemes with very similar meanings are used to vary the language included in a text or utterance.

sense relationship between lexemes that have contrasting or opposite meanings

hierarchies that exist between words and how specific one lexemes is in relation to another

movement of a phrase into another position within a sentence

Moving a phrasal element out of its usual position to the front of a sentence

Moving a phrasal element out of its usual position to the end of a sentence

Referring to something that has been mentioned previously in a speech/text

Using substitution before the referent has been mentioned

Substitution that relies on contextual information to determine the referent of the substitution (referent is not explicit in the text --- people, place, time)

replacing one element of a sentence with something else

joining words or phrases that provide links within a sentence or within the larger context of discourse

Initiate and close the conversation

Adjacent turns in spoken discourse that relate to each other, such as questions and answers, or greetings and responses.

The act of speaking over someone else

tags that act as 'reduced questions'

little 'fillers' we insert in our speech for a particular purpose

discourse particles (modal auxiliary verbs) that reduce the force of what we're saying

false start, repetition, repair

Strategies to control and maintain the topic of conversation

Taking the floor (getting the turn), holding the floor (maintaining the turn) and passing the floor (giving someone else a turn)

signal that we are listening to and following an interlocuter

Topics or subjects which contain their own vocabulary

The dictionary definition of a word

Additional emotional associations or values that attach themselves to that word over time.

A lexeme widens its meaning; meaning more than it once did because it retains its old meaning while taking new ones

The meaning of a lexeme becomes limited

When a lexeme takes on a more positive meaning than it once hadains positive connotations, or its negative connotations subside

When a lexeme takes on a more negative meaning than it once had

When a lexeme takes on a new meaning and loses its original meaning

A stated comparison (usually formed with 'like' or 'as') between two fundamentally dissimilar things that have certain qualities in common

An implied comparison between two unlike things that actually have something important in common/Figure of speech in which one thing is said to be another

A type of phrase that combines two apparently contradictory words for special effect

An inanimate object or abstraction is endowed with human qualities or abilities

Type of metaphor that gives life of movement to inanimate objects, ideas or places. Unlike personification, the animate qualities that are transferred are not specifically human and can be associated with other living things.

A form of figurative language where the implication is the opposite of what is stated

When it is not possible to determine the intended meaning of a particular lexeme.

Play on the different meanings of words

a word or phrase that masks an unpleasant meaning, often by using a mild, vague or indirect alternative.

a word or phrase that magnifies an unpleasant meaning, for humour, to cause offence or to abuse

very informal speech that is not standard in the specific language or dialect/typically transient

Language variety that is particular to any trade, occupation, hobby or group. (Highly specific to its context, meaning that it may not be understood by those outside of the field)

informal language that demonstrates a relaxed and casual tone

language that is deliberately offensive, controversial or insensitive, and as such shouldn't be used in public contexts

Positive and Negative face needs

Type of language used when the intent is to be strongly persuasive, whether it be to persuade someone to share a point of view, or to convince a reader that the fictional world presented to them is real.

The use of euphemistic, ambiguous and indirect language to deliberated mislead, confuse or obscure meaning.

A style of language that is designed to reduce or avoid potential offence or exclusion

social expectations and community attitudes about language use that individuals exploit in order to gain power and prestige.

Dialect, an established pattern of language use across multiple subsystems