1Teaism is the worship of ______.
The Imperfect.
2When a man "has no tea in him," what does it mean?
He lacks sensitivity to the beauty, humor, and subtlety of everyday life.
3Who is the "Queen of Teaism"?
Tea itself, which Okakura calls the queen of the camellias.
4What is the greatest pleasure Charles Lamb knew?
Doing a good deed secretly and having it discovered accidentally.
5If Tang tea is the "Classical" period, what is Song?
Romantic.
6If Tang tea is the "Classical" period, what is Ming?
Naturalistic.
7According to Okakura, "Teaism" is what in disguise?
Taoism in disguise.
8Why does Okakura call Teaism "Taoism in disguise"?
Because it values simplicity, naturalness, harmony, relativity, imperfection, and suggestion, ideas he associates with Taoism.
9What are the five Ming teas mentioned in class?
Longjing 龍井茶, Songluo 宋羅茶, Luojie 羅界茶, Huqiu 虎丘茶, & Wuyi 武夷茶
10What was the major change in Ming tea preparation?
Whole leaves were increasingly steeped in teapots instead of being powdered or made into cakes.
11In Ming culture, was tea high or low culture?
Both. It was widely consumed, but fine tea became a marker of elite connoisseurship.
12How could Ming tea be described as both "excessive" and "true"?
It could become an obsession, yet it also symbolized authenticity, purity, and cultivated living.
13Was Ming tea medical, material, or spiritual?
All three, though literati increasingly emphasized aesthetic and spiritual meanings.
14What does Wu Kuan's tea poem show?
Tea had become central to elite friendship, poetry, nostalgia, and connoisseurship.
15Which earlier tea figures does Wu Kuan invoke?
Lu Tong, Huang Tingjian, and Lu Yu.
16What does Xu Cishu's list say about the best time to drink tea?
Tea suits refined moments of leisure, art, friendship, nature, contemplation, and solitude.
17Why was Suzhou important to Ming tea culture?
It was a wealthy literati center near famous springs, mountains, monasteries, and tea regions.
18What do the monk poems around p. 190 show in Benn?
Tea became a poetic marker of the cultivated, secluded, spiritually refined monk.
19What does "opening a mountain" mean?
The founding or establishment of a monastery or sacred mountain site.
20What is a major theme of the p. 195 mountain-monastery passage?
Literati romanticized old or poor monasteries as ideal sites for tea, history, and spiritual retreat.
21Who was Ming Emperor Taizu?
The Hongwu Emperor.
22What was the Hongwu Emperor's personal name?
Zhu Yuanzhang 朱元璋.
23When did the Hongwu Emperor rule?
1368-1398.
24What did the Hongwu Emperor do to cake or wax tribute tea?
He ended elaborate cake tea as imperial tribute and required whole-leaf tea instead
25Why did Hongwu end elaborate cake tea as tribute?
Its production was extremely labor intensive and to put away the custom of the previous dynasty
26About how many memorials per week is Hongwu said to have handled?
About 1,660.
27What is Keen's main argument about Buddhism and tea?
Buddhism influenced cultivation, processing, agriculture, ritual, hospitality, and social use, not just meditation.
28Why was tea useful to Buddhist monks?
It promoted wakefulness without intoxication.
29How did monasteries help develop tea culture?
They cultivated, processed, traded, served, and ritualized tea.
30According to Keen's cited data, which countries had the highest per-capita tea consumption?
Turkey, Morocco, and Ireland.
31What is Keen's "Great Sugar Divide"?
A broad contrast between unsweetened Asian/Buddhist tea traditions and British-style tea with sugar and often milk.
32What historical problem appears in Keen's treatment of Lu Yu?
He calls Lu Yu a Buddhist monk, while Benn says Lu Yu was raised in a monastery but did not remain a monk.
33What is the Tea-Horse Road or Chamadao 茶馬道?
A southwestern trade network linking China with Tibet and neighboring regions, carrying tea outward and horses into China.
34What is the Great Tea Route?
A later northern trade route linking China with Mongolia, Siberia, and Russia.
35What is the main difference between the Tea-Horse Road and Great Tea Route?
Tea-Horse Road went southwest toward Tibet; Great Tea Route went north and west toward Russia.
36How is Tibetan butter tea made?
Brick tea is boiled and strained, then churned with yak milk or butter and salt.
37Why was butter tea well suited to Tibet?
It provided warmth, calories, fat, salt, and hydration in a cold high-altitude environment.
38How was lotus-flavored tea traditionally made in Vietnam?
Tea was placed inside lotus blossoms overnight so it absorbed the flower's fragrance.
39How is tea used ceremonially or socially in Vietnam?
It is served before business and at engagements, weddings, funerals, and as a gift.
40What is a Vietnamese "cup-general"?
A larger cup into which tea is first poured before being divided among smaller cups.
41What are Vietnamese "soldier cups"?
The smaller individual cups filled from the cup-general.
42What is a Vietnamese red tea shop, quan hong tra?
A modern tea shop serving tea cocktails.
43What ingredients may appear in Vietnamese tea cocktails?
Tea, flower petals, sugar, honey, milk, and crushed ice.
44What kind of tea is important in northern Vietnam?
Tea grows wild there, with modern black tea mainly exported and green tea mainly consumed domestically.
45Why is green tea especially important in Vietnam?
It is widely consumed domestically and can be scented with flowers such as lotus.
46What is the most popular tea style discussed for Thailand?
Sweet iced tea, often with milk.
47What is a caravanserai?
A fortified stopping place for caravans that provided lodging, safety, and supplies.
48What is a chaikhana?
A tea house, especially associated with Central Asian and Silk Road social life.
49Traveling west from China, where does Saberi first identify a predominantly coffee-drinking region?
Iran/Persia and the Middle East.
50What does the Arabic word qahwah mean in Saberi's discussion?
That which allows you to do without something, especially sleep.
51What is interesting about the history of tea drinking in Iran?
Coffee dominated for centuries, but tea was later politically encouraged and became more popular.
52Why was tea encouraged over coffee in Iran?
Coffeehouses were viewed as possible places for political dissent, and tea cultivation was promoted.
53Under what ruler did tea become especially fashionable among the Russian nobility?
Catherine the Great.
54What is a samovar?
A portable water-heating vessel used especially for tea (HEATS UP WATER, NOT TEA)
55What does samovar literally mean?
Self-boiler.
56What is the origin of the samovar?
Its exact origin is unknown
57Where was samovar production historically centered in Russia?
Tula.
58Who was Sultan Abdulhamid II?
An Ottoman ruler who personally preferred coffee but supported experiments in domestic tea cultivation.
59Why did Atatürk's government encourage Turkish tea production?
Imported coffee had become expensive and difficult to obtain.
60Why is Rize important in Turkish tea history?
It became the main center of Turkish tea cultivation.
61What is Grigg's main thesis in "The Worlds of Tea and Coffee"?
Tea and coffee consumption patterns reflect history, colonialism, trade, income, geography, migration, and national habits.
62What was the #1 beverage category in the USA in Grigg's data?
Soft drinks.
63Which Asian countries did Grigg identify as drinking more coffee than tea?
The Philippines, Israel, and South Korea.
64Where does Grigg place the probable domestication of tea?
Sichuan about 2,000 years ago.
65Why does Grigg call tea a "developing-country" drink?
Most tea production and a large share of consumption occurred in developing countries.
66Where is Coffea arabica indigenous?
The Ethiopian highlands.
67Where was coffee first cultivated as a beverage crop?
Yemen.
68What conditions favor coffee cultivation?
Warm tropical conditions with sufficient rainfall, plus a dry period for maturation and drying.
69What did the Dutch do with coffee around 1700?
They moved Arabica coffee from Yemen to Java and expanded colonial coffee cultivation.
70By 1910, where was about 90% of world coffee produced?
Latin America.
71When did coffee replace tea as the leading hot beverage in the United States?
By the 1830s.
72Why did coffee replace tea in the United States according to Grigg?
Cheap coffee from the Antilles and Brazil displaced tea.
73What do global patterns of tea and coffee consumption ultimately boil down to?
A combination of income, history, colonialism, geography, migration, and persistent national habits.
74What is the relationship between coffee consumption and income in Grigg?
Coffee consumption is more strongly associated with higher national income than tea consumption.
75What is the coffee "bean" botanically?
The seed inside the coffee cherry.
76What kind of fruit is a coffee cherry?
A drupe-like fleshy fruit containing the coffee seeds.
77What were the two greatest obstacles to commercial tea production in the United States according to Stewart?
High labor costs and insufficient or less-than-ideal rainfall.
78What was the chief expense in American tea production?
Labor, especially hand plucking.
79Who was Dr. Charles Upham Shepard?
A scientist and planter who developed the Pinehurst tea experiments near Summerville, South Carolina.
80What was Pinehurst?
Shepard's experimental tea plantation near Summerville, South Carolina.
81What was the significance of the \$5,000 appropriation in 1880?
Congress appropriated \$5,000 for federal tea experiments.
82How did Shepard address the labor problem at Pinehurst?
He tied tea-picking labor to a school for local Black children and also pursued labor-saving machinery.
83Why were Pinehurst fields surrounded by Citrus trifoliata?
Its thorny hedge helped keep cattle out of the tea fields.
84How many of Pinehurst's roughly 700 acres were devoted to tea in Stewart's account?
About 50 acres.
85How did Shepard prepare Pinehurst soil?
He deeply cultivated and drained it and used burnt marl to reduce excessive acidity.
86How did Shepard deal with sun exposure?
He shaded young plants and protected leaves from excessive direct sunlight during some processing stages. Chinese plants got full sun.
87Where did Pinehurst tea material come from?
Several Asian sources, including China, India, Assam, Ceylon, Darjeeling, Formosa, and Japan.
88Why did early imported tea seeds often fail?
They became rancid or lost viability during the long ocean voyage.
89Who carried out the early California tea-growing experiment discussed in these readings?
Japanese settlers at El Dorado.
90When was the California tea experiment judged climatically unsuitable?
By 1872.
91What low temperature could some older Chinese tea plants survive according to Stewart?
About 25°F, usually not lower than 50
92How much annual rain did Summerville receive?
About 56 inches.
93How much rainfall was considered preferable in major Asian tea regions?
Roughly 80-100 inches annually.
94How did Stewart describe Pinehurst green tea?
A high-grade green tea with a pea-green liquor and a noticeable stimulating effect.
95What was Shepard aiming for commercially?
Premium-quality tea that could compete on quality rather than low price.
96Why could Pinehurst not compete with Asian tea on price?
American hand-picking and production labor were far more expensive.
97What does the roughly 3,500-pound Pinehurst figure represent?
Approximate plantation-scale dry tea output around the end of the 1890s, depending on source and year.
98Who was the first known person to grow tea in the United States according to Klose?
André Michaux.
99Where did André Michaux grow tea around 1800?
Middleton Barony near Charleston, South Carolina.
100What early U.S. tea-growing reports does Klose mention from the 1820s?
Reports from North Carolina, Louisiana, and near Charleston, South Carolina.
101Why is Klose skeptical of some very early American tea-growing reports?
Imported tea seed often became rancid during the long voyage, making some reports questionable.
102What was Dr. Henry Perrine's mission?
To introduce and cultivate useful tropical and subtropical plants in the United States.
103What was Dr. Junius Smith's goal?
To prove tea could be grown commercially in the United States.
104When did Junius Smith begin his major tea experiment?
1848.
105Where did Junius Smith establish his tea project?
Near Greenville, South Carolina, at Golden Grove.
106Where did Junius Smith obtain tea plants and seeds?
London and India.
107Why was Junius Smith angry with Commissioner Thomas Ewbank?
The government distributed tea seed for free after Smith had invested years and money developing tea commercially.
108What did Junius Smith call the government's free distribution of tea seeds?
A "great injustice" to him.
109What happened to Junius Smith's project?
His death in 1853 effectively ended it.
110Who was Commissioner of Patents Charles Mason interested in hiring for tea collection?
Robert Fortune.
111Who was sent to China under Commissioner Joseph Holt to collect tea plants and seeds?
Robert Fortune.
112How much was Robert Fortune paid for the U.S. tea mission?
£500 per year plus expenses.
113What type of container helped Fortune's living tea plants survive the ocean voyage?
Wardian cases.
114How many well-rooted tea plants were ready for U.S. distribution by 1859?
About 30,000.
115Where were Fortune's plants distributed?
To Southern growers for outdoor cultivation and Northern gardeners with greenhouses.
116What happened to federal tea experiments when the Department of Agriculture was created in 1862?
The USDA inherited the tea program from the Patent Office.
117What happened under Commissioner Isaac Newton by 1867?
Fresh Japanese seed allowed thousands of additional tea plants to be propagated and distributed.
118What happened under Commissioner Frederick Watts in the 1870s?
Federal tea distribution continued, including roughly 20,000 additional plants.
119How many tea plants were distributed in 1878 according to Klose?
46,750.
120How many tea plants were distributed in 1879 according to Klose?
69,154.
121How many tea plants were distributed in 1880 according to Klose?
About 70,000.
122Who was Commissioner William G. Le Duc?
A strong advocate for creating an American tea industry in the late 1870s.
123What was Le Duc's household tea idea?
Even if commercial production failed, Southern families could grow and prepare their own tea.
124Who was John Jackson?
A Scottish tea expert with experience in Indian tea production who managed U.S. tea experiments.
125How large was Jackson's Georgia tea garden according to Klose?
About 160,000 plants on 40 acres.
126Where was the federal experimental tea farm established in 1880-1881?
Summerville, South Carolina.
127Why did the federal Summerville experiment fail?
Poor site conditions, insufficient summer rainfall, weak plants, and high production costs.
128What did the Summerville experiment prove despite its failure?
Tea could grow in the South, but growing it commercially and profitably was much harder.
129Who did the Department of Agriculture begin cooperating with in the late 1800s?
Dr. Charles U. Shepard.
130What varieties did Shepard test at Pinehurst?
Tea from Japan, China, Formosa, and Assam.
131How many acres of tea did Shepard have around 1899 according to Klose?
About 60 acres.
132How many acres of tea did Pinehurst have by 1907?
About 100 acres.
133How much dry tea did Pinehurst produce annually by 1907?
About 12,000 pounds.
134How much more did picking a pound of tea cost at Pinehurst than in Asia?
About six times more.
135What was Pinehurst's commercial strategy?
Compete through high quality rather than low price.
136How much tea did Pinehurst produce in 1903?
About 3,659 pounds.
137What happened to early Texas tea experiments?
Some grew well initially, but repeated flooding helped end the experiments.
138What was being tested by 1911 to reduce American tea labor costs?
Machine tea picking.
139What was the USDA's basic conclusion by 1912?
Tea could grow in America, but production costs were still too high for a major commercial industry.
140Why did Lipton move old Pinehurst tea plants to Wadmalaw Island in 1963?
The surviving plants were hardy, locally adapted South Carolina stock useful for renewed tea experiments.
141What is Walcott's central argument about a new American tea industry?
U.S. tea is more likely to succeed as a premium specialty crop than as a cheap mass commodity.
142Besides high labor cost, what problems hurt Southeastern U.S. tea production?
Uneven rainfall, drought, storms, transportation costs, expensive land, and competition with cheap imports.
143What happened at Middleton, South Carolina, around 1799-1800?
André Michaux planted tea there in one of the earliest documented U.S. experiments.
144What happened at Golden Grove near Greenville in 1848?
Junius Smith began a serious commercial tea-growing experiment.
145What did Commissioner Le Duc promote around 1880?
Backyard or household tea production in the American South.
146Why did John Jackson's Summerville experiment fail?
Climate and site problems, especially inadequate summer rainfall, combined with high production costs.
147What was one of Shepard's solutions to Pinehurst's labor problem?
Using school-linked child labor for leaf picking.
148What was another Pinehurst solution to high labor costs?
Experimenting with labor-saving machinery.
149What does the "320" figure associated with Pinehurst refer to in Walcott?
About 320 cross-pollinated tea varieties or forms that developed from the plantation stock.
150What happened on Wadmalaw Island in 1963?
Lipton established an experimental tea plantation using surviving South Carolina tea stock.
151Who bought the Charleston Tea Plantation in 2003?
Bigelow.
152About how much tea did Charleston Tea Plantation produce annually in Walcott's account?
About 12,000 pounds per year.
153What do Boulder, New York, and Seattle represent in Walcott's article?
Tea festivals showing growing American interest in specialty tea.
154Who was Francis Zee?
A University of Hawai'i-associated researcher and tea advocate who helped revive tea cultivation in Hawai'i.
155Who was Eva Lee?
A Hawaiian tea grower and industry organizer who combined tea cultivation with tourism, workshops, pottery, and direct marketing.
156How would Walcott develop tea production in the United States?
Focus on premium specialty tea, terroir, local identity, sustainability, selective mechanization, direct sales, tourism, and value-added products.
157What should American tea compete on instead of low price?
Quality, terroir, local identity, sustainability, and experience.