World History Final

A community of monks

king of the Franks and Holy Roman Emperor

Founder of Islam

European armies defeat Muslim armies and stop the spread of Islam in Europe

land granted by a lord to a vassal in exchange for loyalty and service

A knight who promised to support a lord in exchange for land

A man who received honor and land in exchange for serving a lord as a soldier.

(Middle Ages) a person who is bound to the land and owned by the feudal lord

A large estate, often including farms and a village, ruled by a lord.

Church tax

the medieval knightly system with its religious, moral, and social code.

Church officials

when a design is created by placing geometric shapes in a pattern

sacred ritual of the Roman Catholic Church

Islamic law

A dynasty that ruled much of the Muslim Empire from 750 to about 1250.

art of beautiful handwriting in Islamic culture

a center of learning established in Baghdad in the 800s

A branch of Islam whose members acknowledge the first four caliphs as the rightful successors of Muhammad

a member of the branch of Islam that regards Ali as the legitimate successor to Mohammed and rejects the first three caliphs

Non-religious

The holy book of Islam

The pope that issued the crusades in 1095 CE

duke of Normandy who led the Norman invasion of England and became the first Norman to be King of England

Spanish queen who expelled Jews and Muslims from Spain unless they converted to Catholicism

French heroine and military leader inspired by religious visions to organize French resistance to the English and to have Charles VII crowned king

The effort by Christian leaders to drive the Muslims out of Spain, lasting from the 1100s until 1492.

A court held by the church to suppress heresy

one of the expeditions in which medieval Christian warriors sought to recover control of the Holy Land from the Muslims

Association of merchants or artisans who cooperated to protect their economic interests

a document constituting a fundamental guarantee of rights and privileges.

a type of architecture that used the classic elements of Roman architecture

A style of architecture developed in northern France that spread throughout Europe between the 12th and 16th centuries

The last Aztec emperor. Here he is on vacation at the beach, just days before being captured and killed by Cortés in 1520.

In Incan society, a small community or family group whose members worked together for the common good of the peoples.

Andean labor system based on shared obligations to help kinsmen and work on behalf of the ruler and religious organizations.

The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages.

aristocratic Italian family of powerful merchants and bankers who ruled Florence in the 15th century

A Renaissance intellectual movement in which thinkers studied classical texts and focused on human potential and achievements

a person who provides financial support for the arts

point of view

(1483-1520) Italian Renaissance painter; he painted frescos, his most famous being The School of Athens.

a pardon releasing a person from punishments due for a sin

A government controlled by religious leaders

95 Thesis, posted in 1517, led to religious reform in Germany, denied papal power and absolutist rule. Claimed there were only 2 sacraments: baptism and communion. Didn't like catholics.

(1491-1547) King of England from 1509 to 1547; his desire to annul his marriage led to a conflict with the pope, England's break with the Roman Catholic Church, and its embrace of Protestantism. Henry established the Church of England in 1532.

Calvin's religious theory that God has already planned out a person's life.

a member of a Christian church founded on the principles of the Reformation

15th century invention which revolutionized the ability to print information which in turn affected the speed of the spread of information itself.

Everyday language of ordinary people

Italian painter and sculptor and engineer and scientist and architect

Artist, painted the Mona Lisa and The Last Supper

(1475-1564) An Italian sculptor, painter, poet, engineer, and architect. Famous works include the mural on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, and the sculpture of the biblical character David.

Money paid for protection

An arrangement of knotted strings on a cord, used by the Inca to record numerical information.

Ruler of Inca society from 1438 to 1471; launched a series of military campaigns that gave Incas control of the region from Cuzco to the shores of Lake Titicaca

A voluntary agreement among individuals to secure their rights and welfare by creating a government and abiding by its rules.

the idea that all humans are born with rights, which include the right to life, liberty, and property

dividing the powers of government among the executive, legislative, and judicial branches

Emperor of the kingdom of Mali in Africa. He made a famous pilgrimage to Mecca and established trade routes to the Middle East. he was rich af too

Bantu language with Arabic loanwords spoken in coastal regions of East Africa.

a city that with its surrounding territory forms an independent state.

Continental-scale winds that flow from high to low pressure. In South, Southeast Asia and in North America's Southwest monsoon winds are associated with rainy weather.

Gold and salt made up trade and wealth in the African kingdoms because the Europeans wanted gold, and the Africans needed salt

An instrument used by sailors to determine their location by observing the position of the stars and planets

A small, highly maneuverable three-masted ship used by the Portuguese and Spanish in the exploration of the Atlantic.

Portuguese explorer who in 1488 was the first European to get round the Cape of Good Hope (thus establishing a sea route from the Atlantic to Asia) (1450-1500)

Discovered a route to India for Portugal by s a was very profitable for both the country and sailor with his cargo

This was the first person to lead an expedition that circumnavigated the world

Italian navigator who discovered the New World in the service of Spain while looking for a route to China (1451-1506)

A 1494 agreement between Portugal and Spain, declaring that newly discovered lands to the west of an imaginary line in the Atlantic Ocean would belong to Spain and newly discovered lands to the east of the line would belong to Portugal.

Government-chartered joint-stock company that controlled the spice trade in the East Indies.

A Spanish conqueror of the Americas

Spanish explorer who conquered the Incas in what is now Peru and founded the city of Lima (1475-1541).

Spanish conquistador who defeated the Aztecs and conquered Mexico (1485-1547)

It gave settlers the right to tax local Native Americans or to make them work. In exchange, these settlers were supposed to protect the Native American people and convert them to Christianity

A voyage that brought enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to North America and the West Indies

a trade route that exchanged goods between the West Indies, the American colonies, and West Africa

A pledge made by the members of France's National Assembly in 1789, in which they vowed to continue meeting until they had drawn up a new constitution

French Revolutionary assembly (1789-1791). Called first as the Estates General, the three estates came together and demanded radical change. It passed the Declaration of the Rights of Man in 1789.

(1638-1715) Known as the Sun King, he was an absolute monarch that completely controlled France. One of his greatest accomplishments was the building of the palace at Versailles.

Queen of France (as wife of Louis XVI) who was unpopular her extravagance and opposition to reform contributed to the overthrow of the monarchy; she was guillotined along with her husband (1755-1793)

A French political leader of the eighteenth century. A Jacobin, he was one of the most radical leaders of the French Revolution. He was in charge of the government during the Reign of Terror, when thousands of persons were executed without trial. After a public reaction against his extreme policies, he was executed without trial.

(1793-94) during the French Revolution when thousands were executed for "disloyalty"

A machine for beheading people, used as a means of execution during the French Revolution.

Overthrew the French revolutionary government (The Directory) in 1799 and became emperor of France in 1804. Failed to defeat Great Britain and abdicated in 1814. Returned to power briefly in 1815 but was defeated and died in exile.

the expansion of the trade and buisness that transformed European economies during the 16th and 17th centuries.

Statement of fundamental political rights adopted by the French National Assembly at the beginning of the French Revolution.

list of grievances drawn up by delegates going to the meeting of the estates general

An economic system based on private ownership of capital

A business in which investors pool their wealth for a common purpose, then share the profits

King William and Queen Mary accepted this document in 1689. It guaranteed certain rights to English citizens and declared that elections for Parliament would happen frequently. By accepting this document, they supported a limited monarchy, a system in which they shared their power with Parliament and the people.

An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought

a palace built in the 17th century for Louis XIV southwest of Paris near the city of Versailles

Belief that a rulers authority comes directly from god.

1598 - Granted the Huguenots liberty of conscience and worship.

A king or queen who has unlimited power and seeks to control all aspects of society

(627- 649) He reconquerored the northern and western land that China had since the decline of the Han Dynasty. He started the achievements of the Tang Dynasty.

founder of the Qin dynasty and China's first emperor

Mongolian emperor of China and grandson of Genghis Khan who completed his grandfather's conquest of China

Mongol leader who led their conquest westward and who is renowned for his ability and his ruthlessness.

Italian explorer who wrote about his travels to Central Asia and China.