ANS 2140: Unit 3

the development of resistance to disease-causing pathogens

a disease-causing agent

part of a pathogen that elicits an immune response - what the immune system recognizes

the ______ immune system provides protection from ALL foreign substances

the 2 types of defense in the innate immune system

internal defenses of the innate immune system includes ______________ ________ and ___________

the innate immune system utilizes physical barriers like ______ __________

the ________ immune system has selective removal of foreign substances

the two branches of the adaptive immune system

the adaptive immune system has a ______ initial response time compared to the innate immune system

type of surface barrier that is resistant to weak acids and bases, bacterial enzymes and toxins

protective chemical - enzyme that destroys microorganisms

protective chemical - mixes with water to form mucous, inhibits microbial growth

protective chemical - have broad spectrum antimicrobial effect, found right below surface barriers

protective chemical - ______ are found in tears and _________ is found in sweat - toxic to most microorganisms

____________ is triggered whenever tissues are injured or infected

inflammation prevents the ______ of _______ ______, disposes of ________ ______, and sets the stage for ______

true/false: the immune system helps repair damage

cardinal signs of acute inflammation

cells produce __________ _________ _______ to signal where an injury has occurred

the process in which cells communicate that their is an injury - stronger signal closer to the site of injury

the process in which cells prepare to go through a blood vessel, involves rolling and adherence

process in which cell squeezes through openings in continuous capillary

process in which chemical signals guide a cell to specific location - leads immune cells to site of injury

order of steps for immune cells to travel to and treat site of injury

ingestion and elimination of disease-causing agents

four main steps of phagocytosis

first step of phagocytosis - __________ to surface of cell/pathogen, forms __________

second step of phagocytosis - formation of _________ (fully internalized vesicle)

third step of phagocytosis - merge with the lysozyme to form _____________, _________ of pathogen occurs

fourth step of phagocytosis - __________ of pathogen pieces/antigens

_______ ______ cells are large granlular lymphocytes - target cells without self recognition, start inflammation

these contain granules which contain histamine, heparin, and enzymes - secretes these upon encountering pathogen

_____________ proteins inhibit bacterial growth and reproduction

_______ __________ _____ transfer cells from the innate system to the adaptive system

these have a systemic response to attack microorganisms - bridge between adpative and innate immune system

these have antiviral functions - work against viruses

when a cell becomes infected with a virus, it starts producing ___________ which communicate to nearby cells via ____________ ___________, and those cells start producing ___________ __________

true/false: interferons prevent viruses from being able to enter other cells

_____ is a systemic elevation in body temperature

during a fever, ________ are released by __________, which causes an increase in heat

mild fevers prevent _____ and ____ from being released by the spleen (sequesters them)

mild fevers will increase _________ ____, which allows for faster signaling and repair in order to outpace the pathogen

a fever is a _________ _______, meaning it is highly generalized and affects the whole body

the adpative immune system protects against __________ ______ and abnormal ____ _____, amplifies the _____________ _________, and activates the ________ ________

the adaptive immune system is _______, ________, and has ______

the two separate overlapping arms of the adaptive immune system

humoral immunity involves _______ and uses __________

cellular immunity involves _______ and targets _________ cell types

all immature lymphocytes start in the _____ _______, T-lymphocytes (T-cells) will translocate to the ______ and B-lymphocytes (B-cells) will stay in the ____ ______

as lymphocytes mature, they will develop ______________ and _________________

lymphocyte characteristic that allows them to distiguish themselves from foreign bodies

lymphocyte characteristic where they develop recognition for their own specific pathogen

B-cells must bind to their _____ to become activated and for immune resposne to occur

once bound to antigen, B-cells will start producing _______ ____

after B-cell produces plasma cells, they will all start producing __________ to attack the specific pathogen

B-cells will also produce _______ _____, and these allow for a faster immune response in the future for the specific pathogen

__________ inactivate and tag antigens

defensive mechanisms used by antibodies

free soluble antigen is bound by multiple antibodies
causes antigen to fall out of the blood stream - forms clusters

antibodies bind to whole cells - targets cell bound antigens
involves clustering/ grouping of cells

antibodies cover/mask a toxin/pathogen - masks dangerous parts of the bacterial endotoxin and viruses

precipitation, agglutination, and neutralization all enhance _____________

these are used when an antibody binds antigen on surface and recruits complement proteins, results in formation of pores in cell membrane
enhances phagocytosis and inflammation, leads to cell lysis

humoral memory ________ the time for immune response to occur and _________ the amount of antibodies produced when exposed to the same pathogen a second time

this is gained naturally via contact with pathogen or artificially via vaccine

this is gained naturally via antibodies from mother to fetus from placenta or artificially via injection of immune serum (gamma globulin)

artificial passive humoral immunity is gained from injection of ______ _____

these target virus-infected cells, cells with intraceullar bacteria/parasites, cancer cells, and foreign cells
proliferate more cells upon encountering antigen
directly attach to target cell
ultimately cause apoptosis

cytotoxic T-cells secrete ________ that contain ________ and _________

________ inserts into target cell's membrane to create a pore

_________ trigger apoptosis in target cell

these activate T and B cells and induces them to proliferate and mature
use interleukins to stimulate macrophages and phagocytosis
help that adaptive and innate immune system

without _______ _______, no immune response would be able to occur

these are proteins produced by a cell that designate self (name tag for the cell)

these are proteins involved with presenting antigens to helper T-cells in order to trigger an immune response

functions/characteristics of the digestive system

digestive system characteristic - muscle contractions to mix and move food

digestive system characteristic - production of enzymes and hormones to regulate digestion

digestive system characteristic - breakdown of large particles into smaller ones

digestive system characteristic - movement of micromolecules across lumenal wall into body

digestive system characteristic - removal of undigested and unabsorbed feed particles

digestive system characteristic - immune cells, stomach acid, other structures

one continuous tube where digestion and absorption occurs

these include teeth, salivary glands, liver, pancreas, gall bladder - assist with digestion and absorption

refers to mechanical digestion with teeth

true/false: bovine animals have upper teeth

aids in swallowing, hypotonic solution of 99.5% water and solutes

components of saliva

phase of the esophagus under voluntary control

phase of the esophagus under involuntary control

avian pouch located off of the esophagus, stores food and may have hunger signals

wave-like contractions that result in the movement of material

nerve that connects the GI tract with the brain, signals satiety

enzymes that cleave proteins

enzymes that cleave carbohydrates

enzymes that cleave nucleic acids

enzymes that cleave lipids into fatty acids and glycerol

gastric digestion is activated by the presence of _____ entering the stomach and a change in ___ caused by semi-digested proteins

in birds, mechanical digestion takes place in the __________

chemical digestion begins when pH decreases to around __, which activates ________ ________ and produces _________

the low pH in the stomach causes proteins to ________, which allows __________ to easily access the activation site

true/false: acidity causes proteins to break down

low pH does help dissolve ________ for easier absorption

these are invaginated within the surface epithelium

gastric pits allow for preservation of _______ _____ _____, and ________ production serves as a buffer to protect the gastric pits

these produce HCl and intrinsic factor (vitamin B12 absorptive)

these produce the zymogen pepsinogen

an inactive form of an enzyme is called a _________

these produce chemical signatures like paracrines (serotonin and histamines) and hormones (somatostatin and gastrin)

in order to produce HCl, ________ _________ from the blood is pulled into __________ ______, where it is catalyzed by __________ ___________ into _________ ____, which dissociates into _____________ and ___, where the ___ then moves to the _______ of the stomach along with Cl- ions from the blood to form HCl

these cells produce gastrin

G-cells produce _______ which signals to parietal and chief cells, causes pepsinogen and HCl to mix to form pepsin in stomach lumen

the amount of _______ in the small intestine can downregulate enzymatic activity in the stomach (negative feedback)

when digesta enters the duodenum, it causes the release of ________________ and _________

enzyme-rich, causes the secretion of zymogens in the pancreas
causes the gall bladder to contract and release bile
causes hepatopencreatic sphincter to relax, allowing digesta to move into the duodenum

bicarbinate-rich, neutralizes digesta
works with bile salts to stimulate liver to produce bile

bile is produced in the _____ and stored in the ____ _________

the process of inserting proteins around lipids

the duodenum absorbs ___________ ____

where the pancreas is located within

the __________ recieves stomach contents, pancreatic juices, and bile

the duodenum neutralizes ________ ______, _____________ lipids, deactivates ________ ________ and _______, and activates ___________ ___________

in the duodenum, the __________ _______ is when the zymogen trypsinogen is released (active form trypsin activates other proteases)

the goal of ____________ is to move the building blocks across the mucosa into the blood where it can be carried to other parts of the body

during absorption, carbohydrates are first broken down into ____________, and once these are close enough to the __________ _______ they are cleaved into ________ and transported in the blood through the ________ ________ _________

during absorption, proteins are first broken down into _______________ then into _______ _________ once close to intestinal villus

in fat absorption, ____ _______ combine with fat globules to form ______________ _________
lipase then breaks these into _______________ and ______ ______, which are transported through the ________ ____ into the ____________ ________

true/false: birds have a lymphatic system

true/false: fats are transported through the blood in most animals

the jejunum contains _____, ___________, and _________ ______ that act as "speed bumps," cause digesta to churn and mix

the ______ is responsible for lipid absorption and bile salts, also causes increase in immune system

the _______ is responsible for lipid and electrolyte reabsorption

the ________ holds excreta/fecal material prior to release

the true stomach in ruminant animals

___________ __________ have the smallest rumen sizes, tend to eat higher quality forage

in hind gut fermenters, most of digestion occurs in the ______

rabbits and pikas are hind gut fermentors that will secrete a __________ and consume it, which is known as ______________

the _______ ___________ of fermentation include volatile fatty acids, methane (CH4), sulfuric acid, long chain fatty acids, NH3, , and microbial cells

volatile fatty acids include ________, ___________, and ________

_________ _______ _______ are critical in the development of the rumen and providing energy

the volatile fatty acid ________ can be used at the end of th TCA cycle prior to oxidative phosphorylation

the functional unit of the kidney

the nephron removes ______ from blood, produces _________, regulates blood ________, _________, and _____________, and regulates blood ________ levels

where blood filters into the kidneys

this occurs when the system adds waste/toxins to the nephron

this occurs when substances are absorbed out of the nephron