ANS 2140L: Unit 1

artery prefix

heart prefix

blood suffix

red prefix

blood prefix

white prefix

vessel prefix

functions to carry nutrients to tissues and waste (urea, NH3/ammonia) from tissue for disposal

functions to return extracellular fluid to the veins and disease control

these carry blood away from the heart, comprised of three coats/layers

protein that allows for greater elasticity of tissues, breaks down over time

main structural protein, provides strength to tissues and gives protection to more fragile structures like organs
makes up 25-30% of body protein and has triple helical structure

artery - innermost layer, consists of a continuous layer of endothelial cells that line the lumen and a layer of supportive connective tissue

artery - middle layer, contains smooth muscle circularly arranged containing elastin, usually the thickest layer

artery - outermost layer, connective tissue containing elastin and collagen

_______ arteries are thick walled and near the heart, have a high proportion of elastin (includes aorta and its major branches)

________ arteries deliver blood to specific body organs, have high proportion of smooth muscle

__________ are the smalles arteries, have lesser proportions of smooth muscle and elastin

endothelial cells covered with a basement membrane, function in exchange of materials between the blood and tissues

_________ capillaries have endothelial cells held together by tight junctions, found in most tissues, such as skeletal muscle

_________ capillaries have an endothelial cell layer containing numerous holes, resulting in porous capillaries that allow rapid absorption and filtration
located in kidneys and intestines

_______ capillaries have an endothelial cell layer with numerous large intercellular gaps and an incomplete basement cell layer
allows for the exchange of larger molecules and materials such as red blood cells
located in spleen, liver, lymph nodes, bone marrow, and endocrine cells (places where cell production occurs)

blood vessels that carry blood back to the heart, comprised of 3 layers with little smooth muscle and elastin and are thin-walled

type of vein - much like capillaries but of larger diameter

smooth muscle circularly arranged, more collagen, less elastin

extracellular fluid which is returned to the blood
returned to the heart by muscular contraction and/or gravity

the lymphatic system is structurally very similar to the _________ system

these permit the flow of blood from the atria into the ventricles but prevent blood from flowing back into the atria when the ventricles contract

the right atrioventricular valve is _________, meaning it has 3 leaflets

these are found where the blood leaves the heart, permit blood to leave the heart but not return

heart sound made when the atrioventricular valves snap shut

heart sound made when the semilunar valves snap shut

third heart sound is referred to as a ________ and can be caused by a malfunction in the valves, can also be temporarily caused by dehydration or disease in some species

blood circulates from the heart (right ventricle) to the lungs and back to the heart (left atrium)

blood circulates from the heart (left ventricle) to an organ and back to the heart (right atrium)

blood passes from one organ to another organ that is not the heart
blood passes through 2 capillary beds in a series

________ portal circulation is when blood collected from the aborptive areas of the digestive system (stomach/small intestine) is transported to the liver

_______________________ portal circulation is when blood from the hypothalamus goes directly to the hypophysis (pituitary) before returning to the heart
carries hormones, prevents the degradation of the small amounts of hormones produced

overall blood circulation pattern (terms separated by commas, valves not included)

back or upper side

the underside or abdominal area

front/frontal area

back, rear area

in humans, anterior and _______ are synonymous

in animals, anterior and ________ are synonynous

toward the middle or body midline, particulary toward the body midline

away from the body midline, toward the side

near, closer to the point under consideration

far or away, farther from the point under consideration

divides the animal into dorsal and ventral portions

divides the animal into cranial and caudal (head and tail) portions

separate the animal or person into right and left halves

any plane parallel to the midsagittal (median) plane, ie divides the animal into left and right portions

an organ, gland, or tissue ________ a substance if it both produces and exports the substance out of the tissue or organ

an organ, tissue, or gland _________ a substance if the substance is made elsewhere

seven key factors which play into physiology and changes in physiology

arm prefix

tail prefix

neck prefix

body

foot prefix

throat prefix

nose prefix

plastic surgery suffix

chest lining prefix

lungs prefix

chest prefix

windpipe prefix

found in saliva - slippery glycoprotein that functions in lubrication

found in saliva - enzyme that breaks down starch (a polysaccharide) to maltose (a disaccharide)
initiates starch digestion

found in saliva - a form of this substance secreted into saliva

found in saliva - includes sodium, potassium, chloride, and bicarbonate
keep the mouth pH near neutrality

found in saliva - enzyme secreted by the sublingual salivary gland that works with gastric lipase to start the digesting of triglycerides

found in saliva - an antimicrobial enzyme

the ________ ______ secrete mucin, bicarbonate, water, and salivary amylase

_________ salivary glands are found on either side, below the tongue

_________ salivary glands are found below the ears

____________ salivary glands are found at the base of the jaw on the medial edge

the 4 major components secreted by the salivary glands

the empty space in the mouth

roof of the mouth with underlying bone

the softer tissue posterior to the hard palate

the open space behind the buccal cavity, it begins at the soft palate and ends at the juncture of larynx and esophagus (part of both the digestive and respiratory systems)

part of the respiratory tract between the pharynx and trachea
contains vocal cords and thus functions in vocalizations

the _______ is between the pharynx and trachea

forms the anterior wall of the larynx and functions to protect vocal cords

curled inside the opening into the trachea
blacks the larynx during swallowing (degultition)
prevents food from entering the larynx and passing into the lungs

transports air from the larynx to the bronchi, pale to white in color
has distinctive cartilage rings that hold it open for air passage

the ________ connects the larynx to the bronchi

parallels the trachea and is dorsal to it, pink in color
carries ingested food from the pharynx to the stomach

the esophagus is ________ to the trachea

membrane lining the walls of the thoracic cavity and surrounding the lungs

the _______ cushions the lungs and provides lubrication to allow the lungs to move smoothly within the thoracic cavity

paired organs that are dorsal to the heart and typically bright pink to bright red

located caudally to the larynx and ventrally to the lungs, pumps blood throughout the body

membrane surrounding the heart, forms a fluid-filled sac that contains the heart

the ________ functions to contain the heart within the chest cavity and to prevent the heart from over-expanding when blood volume increases

skeletal muscle that separates the thoracic cavity, which is anterior from the abdominal cavity
contraction of this increases the size of the thoracic cavity

membrane that lines the abdominal cavity and surrounds vital organs

the __________ supports vital organs and serves as a conduit for blood and lymph vessels and nerves

large purplish brown organ lying just posterior to the diaphragm
functions as a major metabolic processing unit that maintains levels of nutrients in the blood

in digestion, the ______ functions to secrete bile

stores and excretes bile, found under the right lobe of the liver

just to the right of the liver and partially covered by this liver looking at it from the ventral side
produces hydrochloric acid and the enyme pepsinogen to begin digestion of proteins

part of the peritoneum, it covers much of the stomach and is lacey in appearance

the _______ ________ is part of the immune system, leukocyte production occurs here
substantial amount of fat deposited here in older animals

purplish red organ located to the left of the stomach
removes old and damaged erythrocytes, recycling the components for other uses in the body

the _______ is the largest lymphatic organ in the body, functions as a site for production of lymphocytes

typically pink in color with a bumpy texture like chewed gum
has both endocrine functions (secretes hormones glucagon and insulin) and exocrine functions (secrets digestive enzymes like proenzymes trypsinogen and chymotrypsinogen)

the __________ is found in the duodenal loop of the small intestine

comprised of three parts, smaller in diameter than the large intestine but much longer
responsible for digestion of foodstuffs and absorption of the digestive products

first part of small intestine - recieves chyme from the stomach
forms a loop and produces copious amounts of bicarbonate to neutralize acidic chyme
also receives bile from the gall bladder and enzymes secreted by the pancreas

middle portion of the small intestine - usually the longest part
digestion of protein and carbohydrate is fairly complete here
absorption of amino acids, monosaccharides, calcium, and iron occurs here

last part of small intestine - absorption of bile salts, water, electrolytes, and vitam B12 occurs here
connects to the large intestine, a constriction at this point called the ileocecal valve regulates flow of material from here into the large intestine
enters the large intestine at a Y-shaped juncture with the cecum and colon

folds of the peritoneum that connect and anchor the small intestine

refers to the network of blood vessels that collect blood from the stomach, small intestine, and large intestine
delivers blood, which will be high in absorbed nutrients after a meal, directly to the liver

comprised of 3 parts, larger in diameter than small intestine but much shorter and thinner-walled
typically greenish in color due to concentrated bile pigments

part of large intestine - blind sac that is often quite large
microbial fermentation of residual startch and some cellulose and absorption of fermentation products and water occurs here
in a few species (such as humans), this part may have a small extension at the end called the appendix

longest part of the large intestine - microbial fermentation of residual starch and some cellulose and absorption of fermentation products and water occurs here
relative amount of fermentation that occurs here varies with species

last part of the large intestine, responsible for the formation of characteristic shape of droppings found in many animals

external opening for digestive tract, fecal material exits here

two organs located lateral to the spine and dorsal to the intestines
functions include removal of waste products from blood and regulation of blood volume and body pH

stores urine in animals

the two major body cavities

order of the parts of the small intestine

order of the parts of the large intestine

substances absorbed by the jejunum

substances absorbed by the ileum

below prefix

between prefix

sheath/husk suffix

large prefix

muscle prefix

half prefix

above prefix

the three types of muscle

true/false: smooth muscle is striated

true/false: cardiac muscle is striated

true/false: skeletal muscle is striated

smooth muscle has __________ contraction

cardiac muscle has ___________ contraction

skeletal muscle has _________ contraction

______ muscle is found in the GI, reproductive system, ureters, and blood vessels

_______ muscle is found in the heart

_______ muscle is attached to bones

________ muscle has circular and longitudinal layers, individual cells

_______ muscle has cells connected by intercalated discs, branched

________ muscle has longitudinal layers and is not branched, elongated cells = muscle fibers

_______ muscle has a single nucleus that is centrally located

_______ muscle has 1 or 2 nuclei centrally located, many become binucleated within a few weeks of life

________ muscle is multinucleated, peripherally located

these connect cell membranes of one cell to the next which increases electrical and molecular connections (important for rhythmic heart beats)
aids in maintaining structure

2 types of contractions smooth muscle is involved in

progressive alternating wave of coordinated contraction and relaxation of smooth muscle
result - movement of material

stationary rhythmic contraction and relaxation of circular intestinal smooth muscle
result - mixing

functions of skeletal muscle

end of the muscle that is attached to a stationary part of bone

the end of the muscle that is attached to a mobile section of bone

4. on lateral part of hind leg

8. directly under skin, horizontal striations, usually separated with the skin

26. in the middle of the hind leg, contracts when you move leg

29. located anterior of tail and dark pink in color

31. on the medial part of the hind leg, thin sheet

34. below the scapula ridge

38. located caudal of the shoulder and the striations fan out caudal/dorsal

41. runs along the exterior of the spine

44. located lateral of rectus abdominis and striations run diagonally cranial/dorsal

51. wraps around the medial part of front legs

63. located near stifle on cranial part of hind leg

65. located in the stomach region, the "abs"

75. located on inner leg, lateral to Gracilis

77. located on caudal part of hind leg, below the tail, tendon-like

80. medial, beneath the latissimus dorsi, large white lines make it look like "knuckles" or "serrated"

88. located in front of the scapula ridge

96. located dorsal of the shoulder and looks like a large dark traingle

97-98. located on caudal part of front leg

muscle located on the back of the scapula

muscle that begins at the medial surface caudal to the last rib and ventral to the vertebrae

muscle layer that lines the skin, seen after skinning the animal
responsible for skin twitching reflexes

bile prefix

gallbladder prefix

bladder/sac prefix

teeth prefix

intestines prefix

stomach prefix

tongue prefix

taste prefix

liver prefix

function in prehension and particle reduction

functions in prehension, mixing, and taste

connects pharynx to stomach
transports food and drink via peristalsis

valve that allows enrtry of food into stomach and prevents regurgitation

valve that controls stomach emptying

longitudinal wrinkles inside the stomach that become more prominent as the stomach empties
allow stomach to expand as needed

secretory cells found in depressions/pits in the stomach

secrete mucous in the stomach

secrete hormone gastrin in the stomach

secrete pepsinogen and rennin in the stomach

secrete HCl and intrinsic factor in the stomach

these include the teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gall bladder, and pancreas

head prefix

brain prefix

nerve prefix

eye prefix

ear prefix

the three embryonic germ layers found in almost all bilaterians

innermost lining of cells within a developing fetus

________ cells form two "tubes" - digestive and respiratory tubes
also form gastrointestinal system, lungs, thyroid cells, and pancreatic cells

middle of the 3 germ cell layers
gives rise to skeletal muscles, reproductive structures, bones, and connective tissue

outside layer of the devloping embryo - gives rise to the epidermis and most of the nervous system

neural tube cells form the _______ ________ ________

neural crest cells form the __________ _________ __________

elements under voluntary control

governs automatic physiological responses

the two elements of the autonomic nervous system

governs vegetative functions such as digestion and homeostatic maintenance

governs fight or flight (stress) responses

the two distinct colors of the tissue in the nervous system

contains cell bodies and nuclei and dendrites of the nerve cells

gray matter contains ____________ axons

_____ ________ forms the cortex over the cerebrum as well as deeper masses known as nuclei

contains high concentrations of myelinated axons

the three major parts of the brain

the brain contains 4 internal chambers called ________ that are filled with cerebrospinal fluid

brain ventricles are derived developmentally from the ______ of the embryonic neural tube

connective tissue membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord
lie between nervous tissue and bones

in non-ectoderm glia (microglia), these are resident immune cells

nerve cells, conduct nerve impulses

supporting cells, provide nutrition, support, establish blood-brain barrier, make myelin sheath around axons of neurons

responsible for higher mental functions, contains both gray and white matter

the __________ is divided into two hemispheres

in more developed animals, the hemispheres of the cerebrum consist of thick folds called ________ which are separated by grooves called ________

cerebrum - responsible for voluntary motor control, reasoning, planning, emotions, social judgement

cerebrum - percieves sensations from skin, muscles, tendons, and joint receptors

cerebrum - contains auditory centers to recieve signals from the ears
important in memory - damage to area can cause amnesia

cerebrum - responsible for vision and eye coordination

cerebrum - intigrates sensory information from viscera, role in taste and language function
located in the middle of the brain where all the lobes meet, cannot be seen externally

band of nervous tissue that connects the two halves of the cerebrum
carries nerve impulses between the two cerebral hemispheres

relay center for all sensory information (except smell) going to cerebrum

the walls of the third brain ventricle make up the ____________, which is filled with cerebral spinal fluid

floor and part of walls of third brain ventricle
responsible for regulating many types of behavior, including:
thirst, hunger, body temp, sleep/wakefulness, sexual arousal, anger, fear, pain, pleaure, ADH, oxytocin, inhibitory pituitary-regulating hormones

also know as the hypophysis - hormone-related functions

two parts of the pituitary

pituitary - secretes GH, TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH, and prolactin
release of these hormones regulated by the hypothalamus

pituitary - excretes ADH and oxytocin, these hormones are produced by the hypothalamus

the __________ _______ sits at the base of the brain and is protected by the sella turica and sphenoid bone

point at which optic nerves cross over on the way to the brain from the eyes

part of the forebrain that processes olfactory information (may be its only function in lower vertebrates)
it is also the neural basis of emotional states in higher vertebrates

the hypothalamus and fornix are structures of the _______ ________

second largest part of the brain, consist of gray and white matter
white matter has a distinctive appearance that looks like shrub (arbor vitae)

the ________ recieves input from joint, tendon, and muscle receptors and is responsible for coordination of movement

the brainstem is composed of the __________, ______, and ________ _____________

brainstem - short segment that connects the hindbrain and forebrain
many functions - responses to stimuli, eye movement, vocalization

brainstem - contains two respiratory centers and is a pathway for nerve fibers passing through the brain to the spinal cord

brainstem - contains cell bodies of several cranial nerves
primary function is regulation of several autonomic systems