Companion Animal Science: Unit 2

Carries nutrients and fresh O2 throughout body
Remove wastes (eg CO2) from cells of the body

responsible for propulsion and movement of blood through body

carry blood away from the heart

site of gas exchange

return blood back to the heart

blood that passes through 2 capillary beds before returning to the heart (Gastrointestinal tract and liver)

Subset of the circulatory system and immune system
Drainage system that removes excess fluid from body tissue and returns to the bloodstream
one directional

recovery fluid in lymphatic system

part of the lymphatic system that serve as filters that “clean” the fluid before reaching the bloodstream
store immune system cells that attack and destroy harmful substances like bacteria

Primary lymphoid organs - lymphocyte production

Secondary lymphoid organs - white blood cell production, stores and filters blood

Help diagnose any change in heart size
Measured by counting number of vertebrae, no actual units
Sum of long + short axis (length + width of heart respectively, lined up with spine)
measured on radiographs

normal VHS score range for dogs

normal VHS score range for cats

Left ventricle, chamber that pumps oxygenated blood to the body, is enlarged
Heart does not have the same ability to pump enough oxygen-rich blood to the body
Can lead to congestive heart failure (Fluid in the heart backs up into the lungs)

disease that can be caused by a taurine deficiency in diet of cats

Long-term condition
Heart cannot handle the amount of blood it should, blood builds up in other parts of the body (fluid accumulation)
Fluid leaks out of veins and capillaries
Leaks due to higher pressure from too much fluid
Dogs and cats show difficulty in breathing and a higher respiratory rate

Caused by parasitic worm
Transmitted by mosquito bite
Worms live inside host heart, lungs, and surrounding blood vessels
Cough, lethargy, decreased appetite, vomiting
100% preventable

parasitic worm responsible for heartworm

Cancer of the white blood cells (lymphocytes)
Most common cancer in dogs and cats
General cause is unknown
15-20% of cancer in dogs and 33% in cats

Cancer of the endothelial cells that line blood vessels - very aggressive
Canine disease (5-7% of tumors seen in dogs)
Typically affects spleen and heart
Highly vascularized tumors
Tumors filled with blood, rupture easily causing internal bleeding

Most common skin cancer in dogs
Skin tumor that starts with immune system mast cells
Can be on skin or subcutaneous but will ultimately metastasize to other organs including spleen, liver, intestine, and bone marrow
Most tumors diagnosed via fine needle aspiration, involves removing cells directly from the tumor

Provides supply of O2 for the body and removes CO2 produced by cells
Warms, humidifies, and filters inspired air, cools

Opening of the trachea
Series of cartilage plates that protect the lower respiratory tract (lungs) from aspirating food into the trachea

Transport air to the lungs
Contains cartilaginous rings to keep airway from collapsing

House alveoli where gas exchange occurs

vaccine for kennel cough, parainfluenza

Long term airway inflammation
Cough that is present most days for a minimum duration of two months, without other diseases
Can be caused by long term exposure to smoke, air pollution, allergens, etc
Treatments are for quality of life, can’t be cured

cartilage rings weaken/flatten, narrowing the airway
more common in toy breeds
sudden dry cough --> progresses to more consistent cough when pressure around neck (leash)
no cure - medical management

location of sweat glands in dogs and cats

which has more sweat glands: cats or dogs?

used by dogs to dissipate heat via panting

cooling via contact with cold surfaces

transfer heat through the skin

normal temperature for a dog

temperature of heat stroke for a dog

sign of heat stress

filters waste material from blood, stores and expels urine
regulates blood volume and body pH
male and female reproduction

filters blood with waste products

where blood enters the kidney

where clean blood leaves the kidney

waste product from protein

waste product produced by muscles

% of urine that is water

% of urine that is urea

% of urine that is creatinine, ammonia, uric acid

% of urine that is chloride, sodium, potassium, sulfur, magnesium, sulphate, clacium, phosphate...

analyzes the physical/chemical/microscopic characteristics of urine sample

physical characteristics of urinalysis

measurement that reflects solute concentration in urinalysis

normal dog specific gravity

normal cat specific gravity

transparent urine

pale yellow urine

dark yellow urine

pink or red urine

green urine

brown urine

ideal urine pH range in cats

ideal urine pH for dogs

urine chemical analysis: presence indicates diabetes or kidney disease

urine chemical analysis: fat breakdown, indicates fasting/starvation, cancer, diabetic ketoacidosis

urine chemical analysis: presence indicates infection or stones

urine chemical analysis: presence indicates kidney disease or tumor

urine chemical analysis: presence indicates liver disease

what is looked for in a microscopic urine examination

cells that line the surface of organs and tissues

typically develope in the bladder or urethra

stone caused from diet (pH of urine needs to be more acidic)

stone caused by genetic abnormality in protein metabolism
need a low protein diet, particularly low in sulfur amino acids

stone caused by genetics, lack of oxalobacter microbe in the gut
difficult to manage, need a low calcium diet

stones are most common in ____ _____ (have a narrower urethra)

obtains food, digests and abosrbs food, supplies body with needed nutrients

type of digestion, physically decreasing particle size (chewing, peristalsis & contractions)

type of digestion, use of acids to break down particles (HCl in stomach)

type of digestion, used to break down protein (proteases), fats (lipases), and carbohydrates (disaccharidases)

start of enzymatic digestion in cats/dogs

major site of enzymatic digestion

type of digestion where microbes process fiber that mammalian enzymes cannot break down

location of fermentative digestion

dogs and cats have a shorter _____ _____

microbes do not _____ as fast in a shorter GIT

components of the gastrointestinal tract

responsible for prehension, mastication, saliva

dogs and cats lack alpha-amylase enzyme in their saliva and are therefore unable to digest ___ in the mouth

transports food from the mouth to the stomach

short term storage, enzymatic digestion initiated, grinds and mixes foodstuffs with gastric secretions, highly acidic (pH 1-3)

enzymatic digestion and absorption of nutrients
longest part of the digestive tract
mucosal folds, villi, and microvilli increase surface area

3 sections of the small intestine

when the bolus of food arrives in the small intestine, the pacreas releases pacreatic secretion like _______ ________ (proteases, lipases, amylases) and _________ (normalizes the pH)

when the bolus of food arrives in the small intestine, the liver releases ______ from the ________

act as a detergent, emulsify fat into droplets (essential for fat digestion)

responsible for water and electrolyte absorption
formation and storage of feces
microbia fermentation (minor in dogs and cats)

3 sections of the large intestine

Chronic inflammation of the GI tract caused by abnormal “local” immune response
Causes chronic vomiting and diarrhea
Exact cause not well understood - likely combination of many factors

Acute or chronic
Can be caused by infection, toxins, genetics, age
Xylitol - sugar alternative that may cause acute liver failure in some dogs
Lethargy, decreased appetite, weight loss, diarrhea, increased thirst
Jaundice - yellowing of skiing and mucous membranes

blood work done to diagnose liver disease: increased in blood when liver cells are damaged

blood work done to diagnose liver disease: also increased in blood when liver cells are damaged but not liver specific

blood work done to diagnose liver disease: increased in blood when obstruction of bile flow occurs

produces and secretes hormones to control and regulate the body
powerful system, but relatively small

chemical messangers with many different functions
travel throughout the body

"brain" of the endocrine system
secretes hormones that stimulate or suppress the release of hormones in the pituitary gland

"master switch"
produces hormones regulating growth, metabolism, reproduction, lactation, and water balance

growth hormone produced by anterior pituitary, stimulates the thyroid

underproduction of growth hormone, also causes hair loss

overproduction of growth hormone, causes constant stress response = increased cortisol

produces digestive enzymes for digestion (exocrine)
produces insulin and glucagon to regulate blood glucose concentration (endocrine)

released when blood glucose is high

released when blood glucose is low

produces hormones responsible for maintaining a healthy metabolism
thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3)

part of the thyroid, regulates Ca, P, and vitamin D levels
always consider with bone disorders

part of the thyroid, produce steroid hormones, maintains water balance and androgens, maintains carb, fat, and stress metabolism

sex hormones

overproduction of hormones (causes Cushing's disease, common in middle-age, older dogs)

thyroid dysfunction: decreased production of thyroid hormones
low T4
sluggish, gain weight
poor hair coat, lethargy, poor cold tolerance
common in older dogs

thyroid dysfunction: increased production of thyroid hormones
excessive T4
weight loss, increased appetite, vomiting, diarrhea
hyperactivity, high blood pressure
common in older cats (rare in dogs)

underproduction of insulin by pancreas
more common in dogs

insulin insensitivity, body does not respond properly to insulin
more common in cats

Symptoms for _____ include:
Weight loss
Decreased appetite
Increased thirst
Cloudy eyes (dogs)
Increased urination

treatment for diabetes

too much glucose in blood as a result from diabetes overflows into urine, causing ______ which is very damaging to cells

major components of the circulatory system

major components of the respiratory system

major components of the urogenital system

major components of the digestive system

major components of the endocrine system

the pros of preventative medicine are that it helps prevent serious _____, prevents ______ of disease to other animals, and increases overall _____

the cons of preventative treatment are that it can have negative _____ ______, it can be ______, and it can be hard to ______ for some

vaccination, deworming, and flea and tick protection are types of _____ _______

natural includes maternal antibodies, artificial includes monoclonal antibodies

natural inludes infection, artificial includes vaccination

a toxin of foreign body that triggers an immune response

produced when the body interacts with a specific antigen or foreign body (eg immunoglobulin)
tags foreign disease for destruction when it enters the body again

injection of a weakened version of a virus or bacteria
allows the body to create antibodies against virus/ bacteria

the active ingredient of all vaccines is an ______

vaccine type:
weakened form of the agent, does not cause disease
results in strong immunity
used for canine distemper, adenovirus, parvo

vaccine type:
killed form (agent cannot cause disease)
immunity not as strong as live attenuated
used for rabies, coronavirus, lepto

compound added to strengthen the immune response for an inactivated vaccine

true/false: immunity typically develops immediately after vaccination

vaccines that are recommended for all pets

lifestyle vaccines (recommended by vets based on pet's medical history/lifestyle)

"the distemper vaccine" for dogs, core

DHPP
Transmission: aerosol/direct
Respiratory, digestive, nervous
Fever, cough, diarrhea, seizures
Highly contagious
Found in many species outside of dogs

DHPP
Transmission: direct
Liver, kidney, nervous
Fever, liver failure, rapidly fatal in puppies

DHPP
Transmission: direct contact (virus lives in soil, very hardy)
Digestive, lymph, bone marrow, heart
Fever, severe bloody diarrhea, dehydration

DHPP
Transmission: aerosol/direct
Respiratory
Cough (part of kennel cough complex)

five-way vaccine that includes viral diseases in DHPP and leptospirosis

DHLPP
Transmission: water sources where wildlife frequent
Kidneys, liver, joint, stiffness/pain
Fever, cough, diarrhea, seizures
Higher potential for vaccine reactions when given in a combination vaccine
Many vets think it should be given separately
Not necessarily needed in areas where the disease is extremely rare or if dog has a sheltered lifestyle
Vaccine gives a short duration of immunity (<1 year)

Transmission: bite from infected animal (saliva)
Nervous, digestive
Abnormal behavior, aggression, excessive salivation, paralysis, death
Infects central nervous system of mammals, ultimately causing disease in brain and death
Most common Iowa vectors = bats, skunks, coyotes, foxes, raccoons
2020 - 12 positive cases, all bats

(huge family of viruses)
Transmission: direct
Digestive, upper respiratory
Lethargy, diarrhea

primary DHPP shot is given to dogs in first ______ weeks

the rabies vaccine must be given before __ months by Iowa law

3 in 1 core vaccine for cats

FVRCP
Transmission: aerosol/direct
Respiratory, eye
Eye infection, coughing, sneezing, nasal discharge

FVRCP
Transmission: aerosol/direct
Respiratory, eye
Gum/dental issues, respiratory infection, eye infection, hair loss around the nose and hepatitis with some strains

FVRCP
Transmission: direct contact (virus lives in soil)
Digestive, lymph, bone marrow, heart
Severe abdominal pain, diarrhea, dull haircoat, fatal

caused by mother (queen) being infected by feline panleukopenia (FPV)
kittens are infected in womb during late stages of pregnacy
Cerebellum → equilibrium
Wobbly
Adapt very well
Live long/kind of normal lives

Contagious virus, causing terminal diseases
Cancer (lymphoma), blood disorders, weak immune system
Anemia = common symptom
Transmitted through saliva (bite wound, mutual grooming, etc)
Core vaccine for all cats <1 year of age
Non-core vaccine for cats >1 year of age that have no potential for exposure to infected cats

Develop a compromised immune system
Outwardly healthy for 2-3 years
Bone marrow becomes infected
New blood cells will contain more virus
“Persistent viremia” = constant presence of virus in bloodstream
Lymphoma = final stage of disease
More common in kittens

May test positive at first, then negative 3-4 weeks later
Virus inserts into cellular DNA
Doesn’t kill cells
Body eventually rejects abnormal cells or cat becomes sick
May result in immunity or develop into active infection
Pregnant cats produce positive kittens

No viraemia detectable
Antibody development

presence of virus in the bloodstream

Affects up to 5% of cat population
Targets white blood cells
Causes immunosuppression
Slow acting, infected for life
Bouts of fever, diarrhea, eye / bladder / respiratory infections
Poor coat
Typically transmitted directly though cat to cat bites
Vaccine not effective - high risk of sarcoma, led to false positives
No longer available
Prevention is key, keep cats inside, isolated

Caused by a mutation in strains of feline coronavirus
Most cats (> 50%) will have a coronavirus but won’t necessarily develop this disease
Not common but fatal - typically in cats < 2 years old
Higher risk breeds: Abyssinian, Bengal, Birman, Himalayan, Ragdoll, Devon Rex
Transmitted fecal-oral
Initial symptoms - lethargy, decreased appetite, weight loss, fever
Neurological - seizures, ataxia
Fluid in body cavities
Histology is only true diagnosis (difficult)
Effectiveness of vaccine is questionable

the primary FVRCP vaccine is give to kittens within _____ weeks

vaccine given in right rear of dog

vaccies given in right shoulder of dog

vaccine given intranasally in dogs

vaccine given intraorally in dogs

vaccines given in left shoulder of dogs

vaccines given in left rear of dog

true/false: feline vaccinations are commonly given in the shoulders/ rear for cats

Rare, but important to consider
Cancerous tumors that arise following injections
Cause not established
Surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy

normal reaction after a vaccine includes _____, _____ ______, and _____ ______

assume all puppies/kittens have _____

__% of dogs estimated to be stool eaters (coprophagia)

35% of most cases
Most common GI parasite
Transplacental (dogs), transmammary (cats), ingestion of eggs from environment, predation of infected animals
Infections are usually subclinical but many notice diarrhea or weight loss

Dogs are far more affected than cats (not common in cats in US)
34% of dog cases
Infects large intestine
Ingested from the environment (easy to acquire)
Symptoms:
Diarrhea, blood can be seen
May lead to inflammation, weight loss, anemia
Milbemycin oxime (heartworm med) is effective

Typically not seen in stools (owner will see bloody stools)
Blood sucking in the small intestine - causes significant blood loss, can be fatal
Infected by ingesting eggs or penetration via skin, transmammary (dogs only)
Adult cats and dogs develop some immunity

10 different species affect cats, 14 affect dogs
Affects the small intestine
Infected by ingestion of intermediate host: fleas, lice, rodents, rabbits
Typically does not cause major symptoms in cats
Most effective treatment - praziquantel

(more common in dogs)
Caused by a protozoa, treated by sulfadimethoxine (Albon)

(more common in dogs)
Caused by a protozoa, treated with fenbendazole
Vaccine but efficacy is limited
diarrhea with strong odor common clinical sign

roundworms, hookworms, whipworms, and tapewoms are all sensitive to ______

treatment used on tapeworms

treatments used on hook and roundworms

treatment used for giardia

treatments used for heartworm

puppies are typically given _______ to prevent endoparasites

adults over 6 months are given panacur ____ times annually

lyme disease is treated with the antibiotic _______

tick-transmitted disease that causes fever, nose bleeds, and anemia

tick-transmitted disease that causes similar symptoms to lyme

tick-transmitted disease that causes joint pain, swollen lymph nodes, clotting disorders, and neurologic issues

tick-transmitted disease that causes animal to be sluggish, feverish and lame, lymph node enlargement, joint pain and stiffness (blacklegged and deer tick)

tick-transmitted disease that breaks down blood cells, causes jaundice

flea disease transmitted via cat scratches from feral, flea-infested cats
typically cause more generalized skin infections

symptoms include excessive scratching, head shaking, ear irritation, “coffee-ground” discharge, strong odor, hair loss and scabs, behavioral changes

external parasite treatment - frontline plus

external parasite treatment - bravecto (prescription)

external parasite treatment - advantix

external parasite treatment - seresto

Parastic infection:
Cats are the only definitive hosts - can but rarely affects cats
Intermediate host - parasite reproduces and makes clones of itself, clusters in cysts
Cats consume prey or meat with cysts
Definitive host - parasite reproduces and forms eggs
Cats then excrete eggs in feces
Pregnant and immunodeficient
2 populations that need to be cautious
⅓ - ½ of infants born to mothers who acquired this parasite during pregnancy are infected

which dog has the ideal length of humerus? (Border Collie or Pharaoh Hound)

which dog has greater hind angulation? (Border Collie or Doberman)

increased rear angulation in dogs means they will have ______ ground speed

increased rear angulation in dogs will cause ____ stability overall

true/false: a straight shoulder in dogs is better than a lay back shoulder

cardiopulmonary arrest means the animal is _______ and ___ ________

CPR: this dog type should be laid on side and compressions given at highest point of the chest (labs, mid/large breed dogs)

CPR: this dog type should be laid on side and compressions given right over the point of the heart (boxers, dobies)

CPR: this type of dog should be laid on back and given compressions directly over the sternum (frenchies)

dogs should be given __ breaths for every __ compressions

CPR compressions should be between _______ BPM

3 types of routes for injections

intramuscular injections should be given at a ___ degree angle

for large volume collection venipuncture, the ____ should be used

the needle should be inserted with the ____ facing upwards

pulling too hard back on the plunger will cause the negative pressure to ______ ___ ______

this vein is located on the hind legs of dogs (typically used for injections/ blood draws)

vein located on front legs of dogs

survival rate in dogs of pulmonary arrest (%)

the cephalic vein should be rolled _____ so that it is put on top of the leg

true/false: when drawing blood from the jugular, the restrainer is the one who holds off the vein

proper route for cat vaccinations

subcutaneous shots are given at a ___ degree angle

true/false: cat require a lot of restrain for vaccinations

true/false: female cats are easy to catheterize

for small volume venipuncture in cats, the _____ and _____ veins are used