Survey of the Animal Industry: Unit 3

Horses were domesticated ______ years ago

This animal has the most diverse usage of livestock around the world

country with the highest horse population

true/false: the US has the highest donkey population in the world

largest importing country for horse meat

largest exporting country for horse meat

largest horse meat producer/consumer in the world

true/false: horse slaughter occurs in the US

the EU has a ban on horsemeat from ______

the US horse industry is mainly __________

term for horses that are used for "pasture art"/appreciation of the natural world

true/false: there are around 60,000 wild horses / burros being held in pens

a horse's GIT is __% microbial fermentation

microbial fermentation is responsible for ~__% of energy

true/false: horses have a gallbladder

horses have a large ____ and _____ _______

true/false: horses need higher quality diet/forages compared to cattle (ruminants)

true/flase: horses are easy to feed

horses naturally graze _______ hours per day

horses intake __% of their bodyweight in roughage daily

horses have very low ____ diets

cribbing, wind-sucking, and weaving are all __________ behaviors

Abdominal pain
Can be fatal
Many causes

horse hoof - rubbery wedge shaped structure positioned between the bars

there are two of these on each hoof, either side of the frog

horse hoof - covers the bottom of the foot

horse hoof - this is actually inter-connected lamina that can be seen

horse hoof - these are the same basic structure as human finger/toenails

Bone breaks away from laminae
High grain/lush pasture
Too much digestible carbohydrates (starch/sugar)
Excessive weight
Other causes

equine gestation length (days)

equine lactation length (months)

mares are _____ breeders and breed in the ____

1 hand equals __ inches

1 1/4 hands is written as __ hands

US economic impact of companion animals has been constantly ______

companion animals and production animals are primarily connected through ____

as of 2022, __% of Americans have a pet in the house

most owned pet

highest companion animal expense

selection of juvenile characteristics - making tiny versions of everything

pleasure associated with the interaction - physiological connectedness

companion animals provide this by making people:
Feel less lonely
Touch/comfort
Make us laugh
Focus of our attention
Reduce stress the

ancestors of dogs and cats

cynodictis and tomarctus are ancestors of the ___

the dog directly descended from ___ _____

viverines, proailurus, and pseudoaelurus are ancestors of the ___

the cat directly descended from _____ _______

service animals only includes ____ and ____ ______

true/false: service animal training must be professional

true/false: service animals do not have to wear a vest or ID

The two questions that can be asked according the to ADA about someone's service animal:

true/false: service dog owners are required to tell their diability / give documentation when asked

true/false: emotional support animals only have housing rights

compared to service dogs, therapy dogs are trained to be _____

females have a set number of ______

males have consistent and constant production of _____

female gonads, contain oocytes

all oocytes are developed in _____

before ovulation, capsules that hold oocytes

follicles produce the hormone _______ which creates a slippery mucus to facilitate sperm movement

develops after ovulation, produces hormones

the corpora lutea produces the hormone _______ which creates a mucus plug to protect the uterus

“Connects” ovaries with uterine horns

“Fallopian tubes” in humans, NOT animals

3 distinct segments

segment of the oviduct
funnel, wraps around ovary

segment of the oviduct
neck

segment of the oviduct
connects to uterus

the site of fertilization is in the ______ and is called the __ _______

“womb”

Will produce prostaglandin if not pregnant (~d14-15)

Kills the CL

No more progesterone

2 layers of muscle

Nourishes and grows embryo(s) and fetus(es)

hormones that stimulate the gonads are called ___________

hormones responsible for sexual promotion are _______

regression of the CL is called _________

follicles become the ______ _______

Thick-walled, cartilaginous - not flexible

Filled with thick mucus during pregnancy

Keeps bacteria out, etc

Anatomy varies greatly between species

Distinct, well-developed cervical rings

Interdigitating prominences (corkscrew-like)

Longitudinal folds
Soft, “relaxed” during estrus

Passive birth canal
Poorly organized, ill-defined muscle layer
Produces mucus

production of sperm

location of sperm creation

location of sperm storage + maturation

transport sperm up into body and out through urethra during ejaculation

some species are _______ (semi-erect) and extend out of sheath
bull, ram, boar, billy

these add fluid to sperm (nutrients and buffers)

the testis must be _____ degrees celcius cooler than body for spermatogenesis to occur

thermoregulation - testis are located outside away from body in the _______

thermoregulation - the scrotum has low __________ (think skin, low subcutaneous fat/hair)

thermoregulation - muscle under scrotal skin - controls scrotal surface area (wrinkles or relaxes)

thermoregulation - muscle in spermatic cord - raises and lowers testes
C-shaped in cross section

thermoregulation - complex network of veins wrapping around testicular artery in spermatic cord

countercurrent heat exchange (hot blood transfers heat to cooled blood in veins heading back to the body)

thermoregulation - testicular artery is ______ - increased surface area for heat dissipation

common behavior seen across all species during estrus

Vulva swelling
“Popped” ears (swine)
Increased vocalization and activity
Roughed trailhead, chin resting
Sniffing genitalia, head raising, lip curling
Mucus discharge - long, clear, viscous strands

Signs of parturition

Mammary glands begin to develop
Teats may “wax”
Vulva begins to swell

Signs of parturition

Frequent defecation and urination
Nesting behavior
Isolate from herd
Turn head toward flank
Mucus
Off feed

Signs of parturition

Milk may drip from teats
Amniotic sac may break or be partially expelled
Gets up and down frequently
Restlessness, pawing
Feet may be present

top importers of sheep to the US are ______ and _________

sheep breeding cycle

wool output range for an ewe (lbs)

US national lamb crop

main source of income in sheep industry

top sheep producing states

top sheep producer in the world

state with the highest lamb crop output

livstock judging originates from _______, Ohio (porkopolis) and _______, Illinois

livestock judging allows for more _________ market prices for meat

longest standing livestock judging superintendant

livestock judging is based on ________ and _______ (50 points each)

First woman to place in top 5 of livestock judging contest at ISU

true/false: of the original 6 colleges, only Iowa has entered a team in every collegiate judging contest held at the International and the North American