ANS 2140: Unit 4

the male reproductive tract functions to detect females in ______, to ___________ the female, and to produce and maintain a supply of _____

semen consists of _____ and ________ ______

when a female stands and allows pressure to be applied - occurs when female is most fertile and receptive

chemicals signals detected by male, indicate standing heat

pheromones are detected using the ____________ _____ via the _______ _________

penis type with high collagen and connective tissue
limited blood flow during erection
extends from body cavity

penis type with low amounts of collagen and connective tissue
high blood flow during erection

part of the penis that senses temperature and pressure

where spermatogenesis occurs

where sperm maturation occurs

epithelial tissue that surrounds the testes

mature sperm is transported through these from the epididymis

the prostate gland, bulbourethral gland, and seminal vesicles are ____________ _______ that produce ________ _____, mixes with sperm to form semen

muscle used to retract penis when not erect

relaxes during erection, allowing penis to move out of the body

the production of sperm is known as

true/false: sperm are motile in the testes

these produce testosterone

testosterone stimulates ____________ ___ _______________, maintains _______ and the male ____________ ______

where sperm is produced in the testes

located at the base of the testice, recieves sperm from the seminiferous tubules

found prior to epididymis, some concentration of sperm and absorption of fluids occurs here

part of the epididymis that moves sperm, absorbs water

part of the epididymis where sperm maturation occurs

part of epididymis where mature sperm is stored

this connects the testicles to the body cavity

responsible for thermoregulation - warm blood from arteries heats cool blood in the veins at the testes

this is responsible for raising and lowering the testes to regulate temperature

this forms wrinkles to regulate temperature at the testes

these are "nurse cells" - surround sperm and aid in development

produced by sustentacular cells - stops sperm production

produced by sustentacular cells - maintains higher testicular testosterone concentrations

produced by sustentacular cells - important for embryonic development of male

the process of reshaping spermatid to sperm - late spermatogenesis

the ________ ________ of a sperm cell containes the nucleus and the acrosome

this contains enzymes in the genetic region of the sperm needed to break through oocyte

body of the sperm - contains many mitochondria

tail of the sperm - only functional when in the female reproductive tract

during spermiogenesis, the ________ condenses, the golgi apparatus forms the _________ ________, the flagella is formed by __________, and excess cytoplasm degrades via ___________

the release of FSH and LH is stimulated by ____

FSH interacts with __________ ______ to produce _________ ________ _________

androgen binding protein binds to ___________, promotes ____________

LH interacts with __________ ____ to produce ____________

if testosterone levels in the testicle are too high, it will be released into the _____________, resulting in expression of secondary sex characteristics
also inhibits ____ and __

inhibin stops release of _____

taking steroids increases testosterone in the ___________

70% of semen volume is produced by these

these produce a viscous alkaline, contains prostaglandins

this produces a milky acid fluid - citrate and enzymes critical for sperm activation

this produces a thick, clear mucous prior to ejaculation - provides lubrication and neutralizes residual acidicty in urethra

__ interacts with sustentacular cells and __ interacts with interstitial cells

male reproductive control - prevention of GnRH activity by the immune system by GnRH antibody
prevents spermatogenesis

true/false: vasectomy reduces aggressive behavior in males from secondary sex characteristics

the female reproductive system functions to transport ______ and the _______, facilitates _____________, provides an envionment for the ______, gives birth to the _____, provides _________ to embryo, produces the _______, and _________ reproductive organ activity

female site of gametogenesis and hormone production

this structure includes the female gamete and the surrounding cells

this transports the oocyte and is where the site of fertilization is located

where development of the fetus occurs (implantation occurs here)

uterine horns use _______ ___________ movement to move sperm to the oviduct

female reproductive tract - this provides barrier for sperm, stores and transports sperm
forms plug after fertilization occurs
part of the birth canal

boars and stallions deposit semen directly to the ________

copulatory organ, portion of the birth canal

the vagina is slightly ______ and is ___________

area where the bladder interacts with the vagina

external portion of female genitalia

part of the oviduct - catches oocyte released from ovary

part of oviduct - large diameter, allows movement of oocyte, not very muscular

part of oviduct - highly muscular, small diameter, provides nourishment for sperm, oocyte, and embryo

site of fertilization in mammals

where the oviduct and uterus meet - prevents polyspermy from occurring (multiple sperm ferilizing same ovum)

site of female gamete production

ovary - central portion, contains connective tissue, blood vessels, nerves, lymphatic system

ovary - outer portion, development of follicle and oocyte

ovary - surrounds the cortex, ruptures during ovulation

true/false: mares have inverted
ovaries compared to other mammals

true/false: gamete production begins before the female is born

true/false: females have a set number of oocytes determined at birth

after completion of meiosis in females to form gametes, 1 ____ and 3 _____ _______ are produced

"monthly" changes in the ovary - associated with development of oocyte

2 phases of the ovarian cycle

this phase of the ovarian cycle involves the primordial follicle developing into the ovulation-ready antral follicle

follicle that is developed at birth - surrounded by layer of squamous cells

follicle in resting stage - surrounded by layer of cuboidal cells

follicle surrounded by striated layer of granulosa cells - help guide development of oocyte

these cells aid in the development of the oocyte

follicle that develops an antral, theca cells surround granulosa cells

granulosa and theca cells work together to produce _________

estrogen is a ______ based hormone

theca cells are only responsive to __

granulosa cells have receptors for __ and ___

follicle that is buldging in appearance, corona radiata present - granulosa cells surrounding oocyte
associated with spike in LH and completion of meiosis I

prior to ovulation, the ___________ ___________ degrades and granulosa and theca cells __________

during the luteal phase, _____________ is produced

progesterone inhibits _____ and ____________ by blocking GnRH

progesterone blocks __________ ___________

progesterone stimulates _______________ ___________ for nutrients for embryo

progesterone stimulates the production of _____________ __ _______

this kills / regresses the corpus luteum
released in the absence of fertilization and implantation

during the follicular phase, __________ is high and ___________ is low

during the luteal phase, _________ levels decrease and _____________ levels greatly increase

LH and FSH both spike during ____________

during spermatogenesis, the diploid ______________ divides to form haploid _____________, which divide again to form __________, which under spermiogenesis to form _____ cells

ovulation is caused by a spkie in ___

monthly preparations for facilitating fertilization and pregnancy

uterine cycle - all ovarian hormones are at their lowest levels, uterine lining resorbed by body

uterine cycle - estrogen levels increase, prompts the new generation of functional layers of the uterus
glands enlarge and spiral arteries increase in number, body prepares to have fetus implanted

during the proliferative phase, __________ increases the transcription of ___________ receptors

uterine cycle - the secretory phase occurs _______ ovulation

uterine cycle - high amounts of progesterone, uterus is immuno-privileged

sperm travels to the egg via ________ ___________, ____________, and _____________

true/false: in most mammals, the embryo will still be viable if more than 2 sets of chromosomes are present

prevention of polyspermy - fast change in membrane potential - blocks second deposition of DNA (fast response)

prevention of polyspermy - secretion of ___________ __________

the placenta has __________ functions, provides _________, is involved in ___ __________, and removes _________ ________

the mammary system provides __________, _______, and ________ _________ to the offspring

the mammary system is an _________ _______, meaning milk is secreted into ______

the development of mammary glands

the production of milk

the ejection/expression/letdown of milk

the maintenance of milk production

the functional unit of the mammary system

the largest holding space for milk - feeds into the teat cistern

mammary system - opening to the external environment

during fetal mammogenesis, the ________ _______ forms the gland cistern, teat cistern, and teat canal

during mammogenesis, the _______ __________ form the major ducts that lead to the lobes

process that refers to the hollowing of ducts
occurs during fetal mammogenesis

prepubertal mammogenesis - mammary gland grows at the same pace as the rest of the body, lots of fat and connective tissue

prepubertal mammogenesis - mammary system growing at a greater rate than the body, development of ducts

prepubertal mammogenesis is driven by __, _________, and _____________

puberty and mammogenesis - the driving hormone is __________

puberty and mammogenesis - _________ _________ occurs within the mammary system

true/false: alveolar growth occurs during puberty stage of mammogenesis

during pregnancy stage of mammogenesis, the development of ________ is seen

hormones seen in the pregnancy stage of mammogenesis

a virgin mammary gland consists of just ______, during pregnancy _______ develop, and during __________ alveoli undergo apoptosis

typically produced 2-3 days postpartum, low in fat, used to pass immunity to neonate (anitbodies)

true/false: milk composition changes to meet the needs of the neonate

foremilk is high in _____ and low in ____

hindmilk has a high _____ content

components of lactogenesis

alveolar secretory epithelial cells are __________, with __________ synthesized at the bottom portion and _________ synthesized at the top portion (in the lumen)

enzyme that synthesizes lactose

galactosyl transferase is stimulated by ________ and uses ______ and _________ to make lactose

lactose will pull in ______

most species have above __% water content in milk

in milk, _______ is the primary carbohydrate which is absorbed slowly via _________ ________, producing _____ _____ which lowers pH, increasing _________ absorption

the most variable component of milk

in milk, fat provides long term _______ and protects against _____

milk protein provides _________ _____ ______, consists of _____ and _______

protein that is quickly abosrbed from milk (~20% of protein)

protein that is slowly absorbed in milk (~80% of protein)

galactokinesis is stimulated by _________, which stimulates ___________ _____ surrounding the ________, causing them to contract and force out milk

milk letdown is prevented by _____, which causes ______________

galactopoiesis is regulated by __________

milk persistency can be increased by _______ more frequently, manipulating ______ ______, and by reducing ______ _______