Survey of the Animal Industry: Unit 2

growing phase of beef industry, after calves are weaned and before feedlot

goal for backgrounder/stocker phase of beef industry

roughage based diets for cattle in backgrounder/stocker phase (available forage)

length of backgrounder/stocker phase of beef industry

cattle are primarily grazing pasture to gain weight after weaning
"pasture-based" system management

cattle are fed a forage-based ration instead of being pasture-fed
more direct management than "stocker"
adapts calves to a feeding bunk

factors to consider between stocker vs backgrounder

plants that are grown to improve soil conditions and provide forage for grazing animals

muscle thickness score range for cattle

phase of beef industry when cattle are confined and fed high energy (concentrate) diet

cattle are predominantly fed _____ during feedlot stage (higher corn)

3 factors that determine profit potential in cattle feedlot

true/false: cattle are fed only concentrate in feedlot stage

cattle in feedlot must be ______ carefully to concentrate diet

true/false: some cattle enter feedlot directly after weaning

for cattle, corn diets will cause a _____ in rumen pH

potentially deadly result if cattle rumen pH drops too fast

starting cattle weight range when entering feedlot (lbs)

market weight for cattle (lbs)

approximate length of feedlot stage

growth promotants are used in __% of feedlot cattle

major cattle feedlot areas

factors that influence beef value

true/false: feedlot operations range from small (500-1,000) to large (30,000 - 100,000+)

USDA quality grade - most marbling (intramuscular fat)

USDA quality grade - moderate amount of marbling

USDA quality grade - small amount of marbling

purebred cattle - provides genetics for commercial producer - breeding animals

beef industry stage with high investment in facilities and management

bull age of puberty range

heifer age of puberty range

cow gestation length

cow estrous cycle length

bull:cow ratio

normal calf presentation at birth is ____ out first then nose

difficult or delayed calving
cows: more than 30 mins
heifers: more than 60 mins

occurs when opposite-sex twins share placental membranes and mix fluids between fetuses
bull will be less reproductively viable
heifer will not be reproducitvely viable

true/false: dairy production occurs in all 50 states

top 5 milk-producing states (in 2023)

top 5 dairy-producing states in the US produce __% of the US supply

weather dairy cows do best in

cows are milked ___ times per day

range of gallons of milk a cow produces per day

dairy herd populations are on the _____

milk production has drastically _____ since 1980

_____ farms have around 500 head per dairy herd

_____ farms have around 2000 head per dairy herd

traditional farms have a _____ yield of milk per cow than modern farms

fluid milk consumption has been on the ______

total dairy consumption has drastically ______

6 main dairy cow breeds

dairy cow breed with highest milk yield

Holsteins produce almost ______ kg of milk per cycle

true/false: 305 day lactation yield has more than doubled since 1960

true/false: the same breeds are NOT used for both dairy and beef

true/false: calves stay with their mothers after birth in dairy industry

Single most important factor for health and survival of neonatal calves

colostrum must be given to a calf within the first ___ hours of life

colostrum allows for the passive transfer of maternal ______

calves are born ________ (do not have strong immune system)

colostrum has _____ total solids (proteins + vitamins) compared to regular milk

calves should be given ____% of body weight of colostrum at feeding (3-4 liters)

Calves have an “___ ____” for approximately 24 hours - ability to absorb larger molecules such as immunoglobulins

first feeding of colostrum should be given to calf within first __ hours

2nd colostrum feeding should be given by __ hours for calves

dairy calves are individually housed up until __ weeks (calf condos)

calf diet while in calf condo

calf group housing diet

heifers should calf before ____ months old ideally

ideally calving weight

heifers are bred at _____ months

true/false: heifers are housed in small groups

most stressfull/difficult phase of dairy industry

transition lasts __ weeks pre- and postpartum

during transition, diet changes to mostly ___

transition cows are fed __ pounds dry matter for every __ pounds of body weight

term for forage and grain mixture

Combinations of alfalfa and corn silage
Recommend some long-stem hay
Corn
Soybean meal (BSM)
Whole cottonseed
Commodity feeds: distillers grain (DDGS), soybean hulls

true/false: during transition cows should be fed at the same time and the same amount every day

cows milked 3x a day produce ___% more milk than those milked twice a day

amount of milk a cow gives on the day she produced the most milk during the current lactation

no milk production, rumen rehabilitation

dry period length

body stores used for milk production (early stages of lactation)

body stores regained for next lactation

stage of lactation cows are in negative energy balance

Time of calving when milk production starts
Huge change in udder development
Milk supply being established
Greater incidence of mastitis and infection of the udder

length of time it takes to prep the udder

Cows step up
More old fashioned

Side by side
Milked between rear legs
Come in together, milked, released together

Side opening stalls
Can be brought in / released individually
Nose to tail
Milked from the side

Cows are at 45 degree angle
Most common for smaller dairies in US
Milked from side or back - different vantage

Parlor moves in a circle
Workers stay in one place

Allows cow to be milked when she chooses
Radio frequency identification (RFID)
Her tag is read, feed dropped, milking commences

milking length (minutes)

cows produce ___ gallons per milking on average

Housing type for dairy cows
free to move around
Free stall barn - can select individual stall
Bedded pack - no individual stalls
Bedding needed to prevent lameness from large size on concrete

Housing type for dairy cows
confined to a single stall
Tie stalls and stanchions

true/false: dry cows are fed different ration

cull calves have a much ___ dressing percent compared to beef (40%-50%)

30% average cull calf rate makes up __% of US beef production

term for culled calf meat

transitional disease: Includes laminitis, claw disease, digital dermatitis, and foot rot
Can cost 120 - 333 dollars per case
Prevention includes good hygiene and management

transitional disease: Number one reason cows are removed from the herd
18.6% of cows leave the herd annually due to udder infection
Second most costly transition disease
Cost ranges from 325 - 457 dollars

transitional disease: Occurs if placenta or membranes are not expelled from the uterus within 24 hours after birth
Can lead to several other diseases if not treated in timely manner
Cost ranges from 150 - 389 dollars
Prevention includes proper nutrition during transition period
Adequate intake of selenium and vitamin E
Commonly associated with hypocalcemia

transitional disease: Inflammation of the uterus, generally caused by bacterial infections
Risk factors include retention of placenta, poor hygiene in calving environment, twins, difficult calving, and poor transition diet
Costs between 171 - 386 dollars
Prevention includes maintaining cleanliness of calving area and proper nutrition

transitional disease: Common metabolic disorder caused by negative energy balance
Typically occurs in cows early into their lactation
Costs between 111 - 232
Prevention includes feeding good quality forage and balanced diets

transitional disease: Results from loss of calcium into the milk and from inadequate dietary calcium intake
Imbalance occurs because calcium mobilization from bone into serum pool is insufficient to maintain efflux of calcium leaving through mammary glands
Costs between 246 - 300
Prevention includes modifications to the pre-fresh or close-up diet

transitional disease: Costliest transition disease
Occurs typically within the first few weeks after calving
Cost ranges from 423 - 639 dollars depending if surgery needed
Prevention starts in previous lactation when cows enter dry off period

for swine, ___ is fed for energy and ___ is fed for protein

true/false: separating pigs by aggressive behavior will reduce issues at feeding time

number 1 producer of pork in the world

US exports __% of pork production per year

top 3 markets for US pork

US ranking in pork production worldwide

The US produces __% of the world's pork

China consumes __% of the world's pork

State with the highest swine production in the US

Iowa produces almost __% of US hogs

important amino acid for swine nutrition

Iowa has ___ corn and soybean production

Iowa has a large number of _____ _____ for processing swine

_____ span the length and width of Iowa

_____ from swine is used to fertilize corn (sustainability)

market hogs are less than __ months old at harvest

true/false: swine production may be family or company owned in the US

true/false: the finishing stage of swine production can be contracted to smaller farmers

true/false: swine industry is almost 100% AI

sow gestation length

swine estrous cycle length

average swine wean age

swine return to estrous ____ days after weaning

number of litters a sow has per year

number of piglets in a litter on average

ideal pigs/sow/year (PSY)

reproductive efficiency in sows is a ____ inheritable trait

sows are in farrowing stalls for ____ weeks

true/false: sows are moved all-in/all-out at the same time in farrowing stalls

sows are bred within _____ days of each other

sows move into stalls ___ days before farrowing

in terms of swine, Iowa is known as a "____" state

downtime away from pigs for biosecurity (amount of time)

All-in/all-out - clean and disinfect in between
Downtime - 3-5 nights away from pigs
Dutch entry - bench, shoes off, swing feet over
Shower in/shower out
Pig and people flow - boar stud = “cleanest”
Boots and footbaths - between rooms, barns
Pest control

Very sensitive to boar pheromones
“Locking down”
“Popped” ears
Swollen vulva

pork loin cook temperature

ground pork cook temperature

true/false: poultry refers to just chickens

chickens that are bred/harvested for meat

The largest producer of poultry meat in the world

the use exports __% of poultry produced

American consume over ___ pounds of chicken per capita

most consumed livestock commoditiy globally

state with the highest egg production in US

true/false: Iowa has a high amount of broiler production

true/false: every state produces eggs

_____ make up most of the poultry economic value in the US

average feed efficiency of poultry

one hen can produce ___ chicks per year with managed incubation

true/false: poutrly production is highly vertically integrated

2024 feed conversion ratio for broilers

broilers are typically _____ in color

crossbreed used in broiler production

broilers are selected for ___ and ____ _____ production

broilers are harvested within __ days of hatching

broiler harvest weight (lbs)

broiler economic production factors

chicks are hatched in ______ then moved to ______

true/false: broiler chicks are fed ad libitum

broiler diest is __% corn, __% soybean meal, and __% vitamins, minerals, and additives

for chickens, ____ is added to the diet for calcium

chicken anatomy: has no teeth, enzymes, or chewing (no mechanical digestion)

chicken anatomy: moistening gland within esophagus that stores feed

chicken anatomy: stomach (enzymatic, mechanical, and chemical digestion)

chicken anatomy: strong muscle that uses dirt/ grit to break down food (much smaller in size for commercial broilers)

most common chicken breed for egg laying

White Leghorns produce around ___ eggs per year

White Leghorns start laying at __ weeks of age

diet for laying chickens is __% corn, __% soybean meal, and __% limestone (calcium)

calcium to phosphorus ratio for laying chickens

grams of calcium (as calcium carbonate) in one egg shell

one teaspoon of eggshells would provide ____ mg of calcium

true/false: laying chickens have ad libitum access to water/feed

__% of chickens are kept in conventional/caged housing, __% are kept cage-free

true/false: eggs produced by cage-free hens are more nutritious

hen housed rate of lay is __%

chicken hen production factors

true/false: egg sizes (peewee - jumbo) have a wide range of weight in each class

eggs are graded based on ___ and ____

a smaller air cell in an egg indicates a ____ grade

an ideal egg should have a ____ that is firm, thick, and clear

egg grade:
egg contents cover a small area
thick white surrounding yolk
small amount of thin white
yolk round and upstanding

egg grade:
egg content covers a moderate area

egg grade:
egg content covers a wide area

use of a penetrating light to insepct an egg for quality or embryo development

molting occurs every year when the days get ____

when molting, regrowing feathers requires a lot of _______ ______

molting lasts between _______ weeks

true/false: when laying chickens molt, they continue to lay eggs

every molt ____ egg production in hens

true/false: laying chickens are kept for multiple molts

true/false: washed eggs can be stored at room temperature

unwashed eggs last __ weeks unrefrigerated and __ months refrigerated

term for a hen whose production is lower than the cost for feeding

spent hen outcomes

washed eggs will last between ____ weeks refrigerated

turkey production is described as _____

true/false: it takes longer for turkey hens to reach market weight than toms

__% of turkeys undergo further processing

top turkey-producing states in the US

turkey feed efficiency range

in poultry, the ____ determines the offspring sex

poultry has __ pairs of chromosomes

turkeys have __ TOTAL chromosomes

chicken incubation period (days)

young female chicken

mature female chicken

young male chicken

adult male chicken

chicken offspring

turkey incubation period (days)

turkey offspring

young female turkey

adult female turkey

young male turkey

adult male turkey

true/false: AI is commonly used for poultry

hen ovulation is stimulated by ____ ______

1 rooster typically serves between _______ hens (higher with AI)

hens can store sperm for up to ___ days (gives ability to clutch)

group of eggs that are all incubated at the same time, hatch within 24 hours of each other

typical clutch size (eggs)

the two primary techniques for for sexing chicks are ____ _____ (requires training) and _____ ______

certain crossbreeds of chickens can create different _____ males and females (sex-linked genetics)

white meat includes these muscles, used quickly for short periods of time (breast, wings)

dark meat used these muscles, used for extended periods of time (thighs, drumsticks)

dark meat typically has ____ fat and calories compared to white meat

true/false: white and dark meat have similar protein content

poultry should be put in a ____ degree F oven

poultry reach ____ degrees F before eating (measure with meat thermometer)

poultry disease that is passed across taxa (can infect wide range of mammals)

bacterial infection on the foot pad of chickens

diet-related disease that weakens bones of poultry

bacterial infection in poultry that infects ovaries and contaminates the eggs

respiratory and digestive virus in poultry, considered most important disease of all birds globally

two most significant viruses in poultry

true/false: all US states have been impacted by HPAI (highly pathogenic avian influenza)

so far, H5N1 has had __ confirmed cases in humans and __ confirmed death

sudden death, low energy/apetite, labored breathing, diarrhea, tremors, lack of coordination

the bird flu vaccine targets the protein ____ in H5N2 variant

bird flu is now considered to be _____

bright red comb

crusty, bluer/purple comb

pale but plumb comb

dry, shriveled, or flaky comb

adult hen with tiny comb

greyish white spots on the comb are caused by ___ ____

nodules on the comb may be a symptom of ___ ____

laying chicken's feed conversion is between ______ lbs of food per pound of eggs produced

top importers of sheep to the US are ______ and _________

sheep breeding cycle

wool output range for an ewe (lbs)

US national lamb crop

main source of income in sheep industry

the national sheep inventory has ______ for the first time since 2016

top sheep producing states

top sheep producer in the world

state with the highest lamb crop output