ANS 2140L: Unit 2

joint prefix

wrist prefix

cartilage prefix

to break suffix

ribs prefix

bone marrow prefix

bone prefix

union prefix

ankle prefix

the study of bones

1/3 of bone is made of _________

2/3 of bone is made of __________ ___________

hard, outer skeleton that is outside of the body
found in arthropods and molluscs with shells

skeleton embedded within the muscle

consists of the bones of the skull, ribs, veterbrae, and sternum
highly mobile and protect major organs

consists of bones of the appendages/limbs, includes wings, tails, legs, and arms
aid in motion of the organism

bones embedded in the organs
some of these do not serve a function at this point

end of the muscle that is attached to a stationary part of bone

the end of the muscle that is attached to a mobile section of bone

_________ attach muscle to bone

__________ attach bone to bone

the two ends of long bone

the shaft of long bone

a growth region of cartilage between the epiphysis and diaphysis

line formed in the bone when growth has ended
remnant of the epiphyseal plate

membrane lining the medullary cavity

membrane covering the outer surface of the bone composed of connective tissue
full of nerves and causes pain when a bone breaks

hollow area in the center of the bone where bone marrow is located
bone marrow produces blood cells

spongy bone, also known as cancellous bone

dense, hard layer of bone

composed of adipocytes and stem cells

gives rise to red blood cells, platelets, and some white blood cells

type of bone that is dumbbell shaped, includes bones of the limbs
aid in movement and carry the weight of the body

true/false: long bones include the ankle and wrist bones

type of bone that is thin and curved, mostly diploe surrounded by thin layer of compact bone
provide protection to vital organs

type of bone that is round or cubicle in shape
reduce friction and concussion

bones that form tendons and aid in movement (eg patella)

type of bone - bones of the vertebral column

type of bone that contains spaces filled with air, spaces serve numerous functions
birds - reduce weight and allow flight
mammals - help warm and condition air during inspiration

birds have an _____ __________ _________, meaning inspired air moves through their bones along with their lungs

points at which 2 or more bones meet
lined with cartilage which provides cushion and smooth movement

bones in this joint do not move
they may overlap or interlock and are held together by fibers

this type of joint allows for some movement
bones are held together by ligaments and padded with cartilage

this type of joint is the most common in the body
have a wide range of motion

the three types of joints

non-mobile joints, found in the skull

extension and flexion joints, elbow or knee

joints with rotation of one bone around another, joint just below the skull

joints with flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, and rotation
includes the shoulder and hip joints

joints with flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, and circumduction
found in wrist and foot

joints that allow for smooth continuous motions
foud in wrist and vertebrae

joints with flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, circumduction
found in thumb

true/false: during early life, bones are solid

the skeletal system is responsible for providing ________ __________, _______ ________, and works with muscle to perform _______ ____________, and protects ______ ________

pain suffix

breakdown suffix

large prefix

small prefix

disease suffix

lack suffix

to eat suffix

before prefix

true/false: birds have teeth

avian: combined oral and pharyngeal space
no sharp distinction between the mouth and pharynx in birds
joint area for digestive and respiratory systems

a complex of cartilage and bone that strengthens and supports the tongue
found in all birds and mammals

avian - secretes mucin, bicarbonate, and water

chicken/turkey salivary glands do NOT produce _________ __________

avian - passage between oral and nasal cavities

avian - common opening of the Eustachian tubes
remain open continuously to permit pressure equalization in flight

avian - canals that extend from the middle ear

avian - opening into larynx, closes to block food from entering the larynx

avian - allows passage of air from oropharynx into trachea, located at the top of the trachea

true/false: in birds, the larynx contains vocal cords

avian - transport air from the larynx to bronchi
pale in color, has distinctive cartilage rings

avian - Y-shaped organ located at the base of the trachea
responsible for vocalization in birds, does not use vocal cords
sound produced by syringeal muscles and tympanic membranes in conjunction with clavicular air sac

true/false: birds use vocal cords to make noise

avian - thin-walled distensible tube with small amount of muscle compared to mammals
transports feedstuffs from oropharynx to crop, then from crop to proventriculus

avian - feed storage area, soaking also occurs here

true/false: all birds have a crop

glandular stomach in birds - secretes pepsinogen for protein breakdown, HCl, mucous and gastrin
chemical and enzymatic breakdown

avian - a muscular part of the digestive system that grinds feed
rocks and pebbles lodged here and function similarly to teeth

avian small intestine does not produce the _______ enzyme

avian - part of small intestine, yolk stalk remnant
marks juncture of jejunum and ileum, part of the immune system (lymphocyte production)

avian - the large intestine is composed of the ____ and _____

chickens have two ____, which are where microbial fermentation of residual starch and some cellulose occur in the large intestine

true/false: birds do not have an appendix

avian - very short part of large intestine, absorption of fermentation products from the cecum occurs here
urine is stored here prior to excretion

avian - juncture of the ureters, colon, and reproductive system in birds

avian - produces B-lymphocytes, located dorsal to the cloaca
easily seen in chicks but has regressed by sexual maturity

avian - external opening of the cloaca, where material exits

lobulated in birds, located in synsacral cavity

avian - the _________ is the fused ischium and ilium

upon prefix

over/excessive prefix

inflammation suffix

middle prefix

tumor/swelling suffix

many/several prefix

the avian male reproductive system is located entirely ______ the body and contains no ____________ _______

male gonads are located at the anterior end of the kidneys
produce sperm and testosterone
do not descend in birds, found within body cavity

located at the hilus of the testis
functions to increase sperm motility and fertilizing capacity

each of these connect to a testis
function in sperm storage, maturation, and adding necessary fluid
also help maximize sperm motility and fertilization capacity

responsible for ova production and estrogen production

reproductive gametes of the female
the largest of these is named F1

avian - site of ovulation - no blood vessels in this area
no bleeding when ovulation occurs

avian - this consists of the infundibulum, magnum, isthmus, uterus, and vagina

in birds, fertilization occurs here

avian - catches ova when it is ovulated, location of sperm storage and fertilization

avian - glandular structure that secretes the albumen protein (egg white)

avian - the two shell membranes are deposited, where the inner and outer shell membranes are put on

avian - plumping, the taking up of water, occurs
egg shell and shell pigment deposited
where egg spends most of the formation time

avian - rotates the egg from pointed end down to round end down

avian - type of follicular growth that lasts months to years
most follicles are in this phase

avian - follicular growth that occurs 6-11 days prior to ovulation, yolk can increase in size up to 4 fold

avian - provides a storage area for sperm after copulation until oviposition occurs

chicken sperm can be stored and viable for up to __ ____ in the hen

refers to the laying of the egg

avian - beginning of formation of head

avian - heart begins to beat

avian - beginning of formation of feathers

avian - appearance of scales and claws

avian - pulmonary surfactant begins to be produced

avian - chick hatches

avian salivary glands produce __________, _____, and _____

in hens, the mature oviduct is found on the ____ side of the bird

the egg is in the ___________ for __ hours, where it then travels to the ______ for __ hours where egg _______ is secreted
it then travels through the _______ where the inner and outer _____ __________ are put on which takes ___ hours
the egg then travels to the _______ where shell pigment is deposited and the egg is here for ____ hours
the egg then travels to the ______ where it is rotated so the ____ end is down, which takes __ hours
___________ occurs __ hours later

heterotrophic bone - bone in the snout of the pig

heterotrophic bone - bones in the heart of cattle, sheep, and goats

heterotrophic bone - bone in the diaphragm of camels

heterotrophic bone - bones in the penis of carnivores (dogs and cats) and rodents

heterotrophic bone - round bones found in the eyes of birds

heterotrophic bone - found in the tongue of avians and mammals

without prefix

away from prefix

to/toward prefix

through prefix

difficult prefix

away from prefix

condition of/state caused by suffix

flowing suffix

a tube extending from the mouth to the anus

these contribute directly to physical (mechanical) breakdown of feed or produce secretions that aid in its chemical breakdown
includes teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gall bladder, and pancreas

the four parts of the rumination cycle

first step of rumination cycle - after feed has been initially chewed and swallowed, the reticulum initiates retrieval so it can return to the mouth

second step of rumination cycle - the salivary glands add more mucin and bicarbonate to assist in breaking down the feed more

third step of rumination cycle - rechewing the food

fourth step of rumination cycle - re-swallowing the feed

these function in prehension and particle reduction

this functions in prehension, mixing, and taste

true/false: ruminants produce salivary amylase

in ruminants, saliva contains __________, _____, and ____ in a water solution

the four compartments of the ruminant stomach (in order that food travels through)

part of ruminant stomach - initiates regurgitation, also called the honeycomb stomach due to honeycomb appearance of interior surface or the "hardware stomach"

part of ruminant stomach - site of microbial fermentation of feed and absorption of volatile fatty acids
also called fermentation vat

numerous, closely packed protrusions found in the interior of the rumen

part of ruminant stomach - water absorption, interior comprised of numerous folds or leaves like pages of a book

part of ruminant stomach - compartment that is the "true" or glandular stomach of ruminants
produces HCl, pepsinogen, and intrinisc factor

the stomach of newborn mammals produces ______, an enzyme that curdles milk

the ruminant stomach secretes the enzyme ________, the hormone _______, and has longitudinal wrinkles called _____

overlays the stomach, lace-like appearance due to fat deposition that occurs in older animals
part of the immune system - leukocyte production occurs here

two folds that close when young suckles to cause the milk to bypass the reticulum and rumen so that it is not fermented
connects esophagus to abomasum

what the jejunum absorbs

what the ileum absorbs

shell/outside layer

marrow/middle layer

kidney prefix

__ to __ percent of the total blood supply goes to the kidney

removes waste products and helps regulate blood volume and body pH

the functional unit of the kidney - where filtration of blood occurs

the urinary system regulates ____ _____, filters _____, maintains ___________ balance, resorbs _____ and useful constituents, regulates ____ ____ balance, collects and stores _____

in avians, urine is stored in the _____ ________

both mammals and birds excrete urine that contains ____, ____ _____, _______, and _________ as well as other nitrogen containing compounds

in mammals, the primary nitrogen containing compound of urine is ____, which is the end product of nitrogen obtained when protein is metabolized

in both birds and mammals, the end product of nitrogen from nucleic acids is ____ _____

the primary nitrogen compound in bird urine is ____ ____

the outer part of the kidney - the renal corpuscle and proximal and distal tubules are located here

this consists of the glomerular capsule and the glomerulus
functions to filter blood to produce glomerular filtrate, gluconeogenesis also occurs here

process in which the body makes glucose from non-carbohydrate substrates like lactate, pyruvate glycerol, and amino acids

inner part of the kidney

cone shaped structures, purplish red in color
base is continuous with renal cortex - functions to convert filtrate from the glomerular capsule into urine

located between the renal pyramids and are extensions of the cortex into medulla that support the cortex of the kidney
composed of lines of blood vessels and cortical material

funnel shaped opening in the kidney that initially recieves urine from the collecting ducts
this appears white from the connective tissue lining this area

the nephron consists of the ______ ________ and the _____ ______

the ____ __ _____ is responsible for the reabsorption of salt and water from urine

these are located on the superior pole of each kidney

this secretes steroid hormones, including aldosterone and cortisone

this secretes epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinpehrine

filtrate produced per minute by both kidneys (work rate of kidney)

secreted by the posterior pituitary in the brain and increases H2O resorption by the kidney

steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex - increases Na+ retention by the kidney

enzyme secreted by the kidney - converts angiotensinogen into the hormone angiotensin I
ultimately increases the release of aldosterone

secreted by heart atria and decreases Na+ retention by the kidney

protein hormone secreted by the kidney - acts to stimulate red blood cell production in bone marrow

the small intestine of ruminants does not produce _______

the adrenal cortex secretes the _______ hormones __________ and _________

the adrenal medualla secretes __________ and ____________

water retention can be caused by the retention of _______

part of ruminant stomach

ruminant stomach part - fermentation vat

found on internal surface of rumen - increase surface area