Companion Animal Science: Unit 4

association that evalutates research on pet food and makes recommendations
last publication in 2006

non-profit organization that sets standards for pet food in the United States
nutrient mins and maxes
provides an annual publication
provides models for state legislation

true/false: AAFCO regulates pet food

regulates pet food

requires that all animal foods, like human foods, be safe to eat, produced under sanitary conditions, contain no harmful substances, and be truthfully labeled

approves new ingredients and health claims

Each state also regulates pet food and may enforce their own labeling regulations

Most regulations are based on a model provided by AAFCO

Reviews labels, registers facilities, inspects facilities, tests samples

fresh/actual meat in pet food contains __% moisture

meat meals contain ____ moisture compared to fresh source meat

meat meals have been ______ (cooked, dried, most fat removed)

meat byproducts (viscera and organs) contain __% moisture

true/false: meat byproducts include hair, horns, teeth, hoofs

meat byproducts can be a good source of nutrients such a vitamin __

marketing strategy of separating carbohydrate sources in pet food so protein appears first on the ingredient label

Ingredients are mixed together into a slurry

Rapidly cooked with high heat and pressure

Causes rapid expansion of starch

Drying step to achieve <10% moisture

Fats/vitamins/palatants are sprayed on after drying

________ are sensitive to heat, cannot be added during extrusion (sprayed on)

___ create too much lubrication and cannot be added into the extruder (sprayed on)

the ___ used with the extruder is responsible for the shape of the kibble

canning typically uses _______ _____

cans must be specifically sealed to prevent _________ ________

containers in which canned pet food is placed and cooked

canned food is considered ___ ____

More expensive
Highest safety
Low in carbohydrates
Higher protein intake (dry matter basis)
880 - 1120 kcal / g

Most convenient
Less expensive
Low water content
High in starch (cooked, highly digestible)
Lower protein intake (dry matter basis)
2800 - 4200 kcal / g

Every ingredient and the resulting product must be stored, handled, processed, and transported in a manner that is consistent and compliant with 21 CFR part 117

Ingredients having been subjected to freezing, to treatment by cooking, drying, rendering, hydrolysis, or similar process, to the addition of salt, curing agents, natural or synthetic chemical preservatives or other processing aids, or to preservation by means other than refrigeration

No AAFCO definition
Often steam cooked

Food in its natural or crude state not having been subjected to heat in the course of preparation as food

true/false: homemade raw diets can be more easily digestible with fewer processing losses

true/false: homemade raw diets are easy to formulate

used in commercial raw diets
Kills bacteria, but not 100%

used in commercial raw diets
removes moisture without any heat

feces scoring system
1 = "bullet like" - crumbles with little pressure
5 = entire liquid stool

goal of reproduction is continuation of the ______ and replacing yourself in the ____

females are born with a set number of _______

true/false: males have constant and consistent production of gametes

production/maintenance of sperm supply

Control activity of organs (hormonal)
Produce oocytes
Transport sperm
Facilitate fertilization
Provide environment for embryo and fetus
Parturition
Recycle back
Provide nutrients for young (mammals)

Produce and maintain supply of sperm
Detect females in estrus - using pheromones, visual cues
Inseminate females and fertilize the female gamete (oocyte)

these contain gametes, responsible for estrogen/estradiol production

term for having numerous follicles and oocytes each cycle (cats & dogs)

same location as the follicles, almost solid mass of cells that produces progesterone

true/false: the corpus luteum is produced even if not pregnant

male dogs reach puberty by ______ months (longer for larger breeds)

male dogs are most fertile after __ months

male dogs at 12-15 months have the highest _______ levels

female dogs have first heat at ______ months

true/false: it is recommended for a bitch to become pregnant during 1st heat

in terms of the reproductive cycle, dogs are __________ and ____________

dogs are _________ ________, meaning they ovulate even if not bred

dogs
~ 20 weeks (5 months) – Not cycling, no follicles, no CL, not receptive to male

reproductive quiescence, sexual inactivty

low estradiol and progesterone levels (baseline concentrations)

dogs
~9 days, follicular growth

enlargement and swelling of vulva

estradiol rises from basal levels

females will "tease" males but NOT receptive yet

dogs
9 days - accept male for mating

"fertile" - in heat/in-season

straw colored vaginal discharge, only contained pheromones

bitch will "flag" her tail

dogs
~65 days, after ovulation/estrus / receptivity

CL on ovary - high progesterone (peaks 15 days in)

Pseudopregnancy

multiple oocytes are fertilized by spermatozoa from different males

seen in dogs

in dogs, ovulation is _____ days from onset of estrus

in dogs, fertilization occurs _____ days after ovulation (can lead to superfecundation)

in dogs, the average fertilization is day __ of estrus

fertilization occurs in the ________

true/false: dogs have significant hormone changes making it easy to detect pregnancy

average gestation length in dogs is ________ days

male dogs have a ________ _____, which is reliant on blood engorgement for erection

male dogs have an os penis which is part of the ________ system

male dogs have a ______ _____ that engorges in the female vagina during mating

when a male dog dismounts and turns around but penis remains in vagina it is known as "___ ___"

true/false: it is okay to separate dogs in the middle of a tie

dogs may remain tied for up to __ minutes

in dogs, sperm in ejaculated within _____ minutes of the tie

kittens with genitals close to butt, deardrop/line shaped

kittens with genitals further from butt, circle/mound shaped
urine comes out in a visible stream

non-cornified

non-cornified

cornified

cornified

during estrus, __________ cells are most common

during proestrus, ________ cells are most common

true/fasle: dogs have a bulbourethral gland

male cats have ___________ _______ on the tip of the penis that stimulates LH surge, causing ovulation

most cats (70%) are _______ _________, meaning an external stimulus is needed for ovulation to occur

term refers to ovulation regardless of mating (dogs, ~30% of cats)

More common in queens housed within the visual, olfactory (pheromones) and auditory presence of an intact male

cat estrous cycle length (days)

cat anestrus typically lasts ________ through _________

cats
begins with increasing day length (short - only 1-3 days)
Behavior - rolling, rubbing, calling
More difficult to detect in cats than dogs
No bloody vaginal discharge like female dogs

cats

Variable - typically lasts 2-19 days

Behavior - rolling, rubbing, calling, lordosis

Can accept multiple toms - multiple sires (superfecundation)

Mating will decrease length (number of days)

this term refers to the crouching stance seen in cats during estrus

cat estrus lasts an average of __ days

cats

Follicles regress without ovulation (if induced ovulation)

Approximately 8 days

Ovary is “recovering” and readying for new follicle growth

cats

High progesterone

If ovulation occurs

CL maintained approximately 30-60+ days

cat gesation length is between ______ days

cats
can occur when induced to ovulate, but did not conceive

true/false: cats have lactational anestrus

true/false: cats will come into heat while lactating (7-10 days after parturition)

cats have a ________ ejaculation time compared to dogs

true/false: the female cat is receptive towards the male immediately following copulation

cat estrous cycle is described as __________ ____________

the earliest zoo was discovered in _______

true/fasle: zoos were initially inteded for public viewing

first modern zoo was in ______

first US zoo was in ___________
First successful breeding of orangutans and chimps
First zoo hospital
First specialized zoo diets

the ________ zoo had the first research lab

the Penrose research lab discovered _________ diseases and researched __________

act introduced by John F Lacey of Iowa, prohibited trade in wildlife, fish, and plants illegally taken from the wild

currently used to prevent importation/spread of non-native species

Databases of animal records

Used to manage populations and ensure genetic diversity and demographic stability

association that sets the "gold standard" for zoos

Signed in 1973

International agreement between governments

Ensures international trade does not threaten the survival of species

34,310 plant species, 6,610 animal species

CITES appendix - species threatened with extinction, prohibited international trade

CITES appendix - not threatened with extinction but could be without monitoring

CITES appendix - current trade exists, protected in at least 1 country, requires government cooperation

true/false: CITES appendices apply to living and dead animals

Iowa has a ____________ ban on exotic pet ownership

true/false: you can own a captive raised skunk in Iowa

true/false: you can own a raccoon in Iowa

association that accredits sanctuaries and rescues

true/false: accredited animal rescues/sanctuaries should be breeding animals

good zoos focus on w_______, e_________, c________, and f________

true/false: there are many new zoos being built

all cats are ________

cats have ____ genetic variations compared to other mammals

all cats except the __________ genus have 38 chromosomes

male lion x female tiger

male tiger x female lion

ensures genetic diversity to make certain species exist in 100-200 years via zoo collaboration

manage studbooks

develop 5-year regional collection plans (RCPs)

a sustainable SSP population must include at least ___ individuals

in order to avoid inbreeding, at least ___ individuals are required in a population

the hardest species to train is ____

dogs are more difficult to train because they are highly _________ and they ________ with us

classical conditioning was discovered by _______

classical conditioning involves creating an assocation between a _________ __________ and a __________ _________

storm phobias, separation anxiety, and most reactivity/aggresion issues are examples of _________ conditioning

the 3 laws to learning are part of __________ conditioning

operant conditioning - responses that produce a reward will increase

operant conditioning - animal must be ready/willing to learn

operant conditioning - practice new behaviors to increase learning

positve and negative reinforcement cause an __________ in a behavior

positve and negative punishment cause a __________ in behavior

most effective reinforcement schedule for behavior change

_______ reinforcement is through association

the most common aggression type affecting dog behavior

__________ means something is given or applied to the animal

_________ means something is taken away from the animal

giving the subject something desirable

praise, good grades, food, toys, petting

a stimulus the subject does not want - they want it to go away

bad grades encourages studying, cold encourages warm clothing, pressure application on horses

in reinforcement training, _________ is vital

reduces a behavior by applying something aversive to the subject

baby puts fork in the light socket - electrocution (natural selection?)
squirting dogs for barking

taking away something the subject wants in order to reduce a behavior

allowance taken away, toys taken away, time outs

of the four consequences between reinforcement and punishment, ________ _________ is the least effective

when a previously conditioned behavior is no longer reinforced, it will fall continuosly until it reaches nearly zero

an initial burst in frequency of a behavior when it is ignored

Observed in litter of puppies
Puppies will growl/snap when you reach for a toy
Seen in small dogs - owners don’t perceive it as a problem until they bite
Without a leader, these dogs take charge

Learned - someone comes the dog barks - mailman goes away

Stems from not being able to get what they want - typically high arousal and frustration

Almost always what we deal with
Product of bad breeding and/or incorrect socialization
Lack of confidence
Insecurity

there are __ breeds of rabbits recognized by American Rabbit Breeders Association (ARBA)

rabbits are _________

true/false: rabbits are considered rodents

rabbits have __ incisors in upper jaw while rodents only have 2

practice of eating "feces" - seen in rabbits

rabbits are non-ruminants and utilize _____ ___ ____________

true/false: coprophagy in rabbits provides nutritional benefits such as vitamins B and K and probiotics

a rabbit's diet should mainly be ________

rabbits are very efficient as absorbing _________

true/false: rabbits do NOT drink much water compared to other species of the same size

rabbit health issue

Major problem with high concentrate diets
Clostridial organisms flourish during overconsumption of energy especially in young rabbits

rabbit health issue

Can lead to other health issues
Typically from free feeding alfalfa based pellets and treats
Avoid sugary treats, use fresh greens/herbs, grass based pellets
Provide opportunities for exercise and enrichment

rabbit health issue

Normal urine can appear brown/orange when exposed to air (porphyrins that contain iron); bright red indicates issues
White sludge is often observed and is not normal - too much calcium

rabbit healt issue

parasites that target the ears
Treated with sub-q ivermectin (typically 2 doses)

true/false: rabbits can be kept in wire cages

true/false: rabbits have high cold tolerance

rabbit gesation range (days)

rabbit kits are born ________ and with eyes ________

rodent teeth are hard due to _____ in the enamel

guinea pig gestation length (days)

true/false: newborn guinea pigs are able to consume semi-solid food immediately

guinea pig newborns are born with ___ and eyes are _______

guinea pigs are unable to synthesize their own vitamin __ and are therefore susceptible to _______

chinchilla fur is extremely ________

defense mechanism used by chinchillas if mishandled

release portions of their fur to escape

chinchillas require ____ ______ at least twice a week to keep coat conditioned

which generation of hybrid cats is considered domestic with fetile males?

Asian Leopard Cat x Domesitc cat

Jungle Cat x Domestic cat

Serval x domestic cat

rule that states males are less reproductively viable (sterile) when crossing hybrids of closely related species