Companion Animal Science: Unit 3

Strongest sense for dogs

these enhance a dog's ability to capture scent

this action allows scent to stay in the nasal passage longer

number of scent receptors in dogs

number of scent receptors in cats

organ that recognizes body scents

true/false: humans have a vomeronasal organ

a dog's scent sensitivity is _______ times greater than cats and humans

dogs inhale and exhale through ______ _________

true/false: dogs can smell separately with each nostril

conspecific, arousal odors, novel, threatening, or alarming stimuli, delivers inofrmation to right brain hemisphere

familiar odors, non-aversive stimuli, heterospecific arousal odors, delivers information to the left brain hemisphere

conspecific meaning

decreased sensation of smell
caused by damage to the olfactory mucosa
canine distemper, chemicals, cancer, thermal trauma (increased body temp), certain medications (metronidazole)
can also be caused by neurological lesions

in aging dogs, ____ ____ can be used to keep the brain healthy and prevent hyposmia

"scent sucking" through the roof of the mouth
detection of pheromones
opens two small ducts on the roof of mouth behind incisors
allows scent to travel to vomeronasal organ (Jacobson's organ)

compound nepetalactone - scent induced response in cats
binds to protein receptors after entering nasal tissue

__% of cats are affected by catnip (genetic inheritance)

true/false: cats under 6-8 weeks old are affected by catnip

true/false: spayed/neutered cats are still affected by catnip

strongest sense in cats

cats can hear _____ _______ than dogs and humans

cats have deeper ___ _____ than humans (funnel sound better)

muscles that allows 180 degree ear rotation in cats

number of pinna muscles in cats

number of pinna muscles in dogs

true/false: cropping a dog's ears gives them better hearing

small bumps on the tongue

cells that allow for taste perception

dogs have around _____ taste bud receptors

dogs and cats have special taste buds for _____

true/false: dogs and cats have better sense of taste compared to humans

amino acids, peptides, bitter, fats, and sugar are preferred by _____

cats have around ____ taste bud receptors

cats cannot taste things that are _____

amino acids, peptides, slight acidity, and nucleotides are preferred by ___

cats tend to reject things that taste _____

backward facing, responisble for the rough texture of cat tongues
used to strip meat, groom, and cool

the first sense to develop is _____

these are sensitive to airflow and help detect distances of objects

cats have __ movable whiskers

dogs have around __ moveable whiskers

moveable whiskers are known as

whiskers are also on the ____ ____

overstimulation of sensory system, can be caused by food bowl shape for cats

cat's vision is around ___ times better than a human's at night

thin layer between the retina and optic nerve
enhances vision - reflects and magnifies light back into the retina
causes eyeshine at night

typical eyeshine color in dogs

typical eyeshine color in cats

light reflecting off tapetum can make vision _____

control amount of light reaching the retina and into cornea

pupils ____ in low light, hunting, or when excited

pupils ____ in bright light (slit-like appearance in cats

cats/dogs have around ____ degrees of vision due to large eye size for skull

a longer snout means a _____ blindspot

third eyelid, keeps moisture in and debris out, distrubutes tears, prevents/fights eye infections
protects cornea
helpful when hunting

true/false: dogs and cats sacrifice some visual acuity for ability to see in dim light

in their retina, dogs/cats have more ____ than ____

cells that enable motion detection or perception of surroundings in low light
Don’t mediate color vision

cells that allow perception of color and fine details
Active at higher light levels

color vision in dogs/cats

all cats are born with ___ eyes

eye color is due to _____

true/false: dogs have more eye colors than cats

tonkinese cats can have ____ colored eyes

the most common eye color in dogs is ______

term for each eye being a different color (seen in dogs)

____ is a rare eye color in dogs

true/false - dog eyes can be multicolored (both eyes can be brown and blue/ one brown one blue)

eye infection, can be caused by bacteria or virus (calicivirus, herpes)

abrasions on the cornea

Clouding of lens
Common in older cats/dogs
Can be caused by metabolic disorders and infections

cataracts can be caused in older cats/dogs by long term ________ _____

Loss of vision
Often caused by fluid buildup behind the retina from high blood pressure
Can be a result of kidney disease or hyperthyroidism

Can cause severe glaucoma/pressure buildup ultimately rupturing the eye
Common in some breeds (terriers) - can be genetically tested for

Increased pressure in the eye
Very painful
Can arise from genetics, age, eye injuries, tumors, etc

“Genetic storehouses”
In the nucleus of every cell
Vary in size and shape across species but always in homologous pairs

dogs have ____ chromosomes

cats have ____ chromosomes

______ carry traits

true/false - most animals tend to have the same number of genes despite having a different number of chromosomes

“Set of instructions”
DNA sections that code for specific proteins within the chromosomes
Basic units of inheritance, exist as pairs

true/false - paired chromosomes have the same kind of genes

Variations of a gene or alternate way of influencing a particular gene

mother and father give one ______ per ______

Genes are tied together in a strand of DNA
Each point on the strand is called a _______

each locus has __ alleles, forming the _____

Combination of alleles

Physical expression of the genotype in combination with environmental factors

Traits that are not on the sex chromosomes
Expressed only in one sex

Genes located on one of the two sex chromosomes
Why some diseases are at higher risk in one sex

Dominant - overrules the recessive
Three genotypes, two phenotypes

Three genotypes, three phenotypes

interaction of genes at different loci
One hides/masks the other

alters the phenotypic expression of another gene

work together to express the phenotype
None will dominate

the FGFG gene codes for ___ _____ and ____ is dominant

the KRT71 gene codes for ___ _____ and _____ is dominant

the RSPO2 gene codes for ____ _____ and ____ is dominant

_______ is the "mustache" and "eyebrows" seen on some dog coats

the SGK3 gene codes for _____

the FOXI3 gene codes for ______ and having 2 copies is _____

the MC5R gene codes for reduced ______ and __ copies are needed

instinct traits (herding, eye, crouch) all have ________ _________

1989 - the first health gene recorded

dog breed specific condition - Neurotoxicity following drug administration
Affects up to 70% of collies, 30% of aussies, 20% of mini-aussies

dog breed specific condition - Herding breeds and retrievers
Border collie variant not known yet

Primary lens luxation (ADAMTS17), Collie eye anomaly (NHEJ1), and Von Willebrand disease (dobermans, VWF) are all examples of _____ _______ ________ in dogs

Cat wildtype coat pattern
Black pigment tipping over yellow/orange background

true/false: all cats are tabby

Mc locus ________ overrides agouti

T locus ______ overrides Mc (mackerel)

Sp locus _____ modifies tabby

in cats, _____ masks all other color genes, inhibits melanocytes

in cats, orange (O) is __ ______

when male cats inherit 2 X chromosomes in addition to the Y

true/false: two cat embryos can fuse together to make male tortoiseshell/calico cat

A locus

B locus

D locus

H locus

S locus

M locus

K locus

energy comes from _____, ____, and ____________

goals of nutrition are to maintain optimal ______, promote a normal _____ _____, suppport ________ and ________, and support high-quality ________

for pet food, energy is expressed as ________

calorie is the heat required to raise __g of water __ degree C

food label with kcal ME/kg and kcal ME/cup

food label with kcal ME/kg and kcal ME/can

______ food has a higher moisture content

in ______ determination of metabolizable energy, diet is fed to animals and feces and urine are collected

fat atwater factor (kcal / g)

protein atwater factor (kcal / g)

carbohydrate atwater factor (kcal / g)

non-structural carbohydrate content

________ ______ = 100 - % protein - % fat - % fiber - % ash (mineral content) - % moisture

most important nutrient

loss of __% body water = death

____ is needed for all metabolic reactions, nutrient transportation, body temperature regulation, and elimination of waste products

water sources include ____, ______ ______, and ______ _________

water is lost to _____, _____, and _______

ME = ______ ______

__ mL of water required per kcal of ME consumed

factors that effect water requirement include _____, _______, and ______ _______

carbohydrates, protein, fat, vitamins, and minerals are considered ___ ______

____ ______ = 100 - moisture %

in pet food, water/moisture is a ____ ______

nutrient concentration values with water (diluted), lower values

nutrient concentration values without water (concentrated), higher values (what nutrient requirements are on)

kibble is usually high in _____ (40%) which provides _______

_____ helps with gut health and fecal quality (solid poop)

true/false: dogs/cats have a requirement for carbohydrates

glucose is required in a constant supply for ____ function

cats and dogs typically produce glucose ______ from components of fats and proteins

grain free sources in pet food include ____ and _____

fiber is typically ____% of a cat/dog's diet

true/false: fiber is digested by enzymes in the gut

fiber can reduce ____ _____, help _____, improve ___ ______, and control _______

all proteins contain around __% nitrogen

true/false: animals have a protein requirement

additional essential amino acid for cats

cysteine and tyrosine are ________ ____ ______, meaning they are essential but synthesized by other essential amino acids

the most limiting amino acid in cats/dogs

true/false: animals can store excess amino acids

the ______ reaction is the browning of meat caused by the combination of protein, sugar, and heat - improves flavor

according to AAFCO, ____ require these percentages of protein:
Growth / reproduction = 22.5%
Adult maintenance = 18%

according to AAFCO, ___ require these percentages of protein:
Growth and reproduction = 30%
Adult maintenance = 26%

plant origins of ______ include corn gluten meal (can turn kibble yellow), soybean meal, pea protein

this type of protein is:
Highly digestible
Contains all essential amino acids
Essential amino acids are in proper proportions relative to the animal’s needs

this type of protein has:
Low digestibility
Limiting in one or more of the essential amino acids

No double bonds
Solid at room temperature

Monounsaturated = 1 double bond
Polyunsaturated (PUFA) = 2 or more double bonds
Liquid at room temperature

fatty acids are classified by ______ ______ and number/position of ____ ______

essential fatty acids

according to AAFCO, ____ requires these percentages of fat:
Growth and reproduction - 8.5%
Adult maintenance - 5.5%

according to AAFCO, ______ requires this percentage of fat:
All life stages - 9%

plant origins of _____ include:
Corn oil (LA)
Soybean oil (ALA)
Canola oil (ALA)
Sunflower oil (LA)
Flaxseed oil (LA & ALA)

these vitamins are fat-soluble (primarily animal-based soruces)

cats must consume the active form of vitamin __

vitamin __ helps with Ca and P metabolism, skeletal development, immune function

true/false: cats/dogs can synthesize vitamin D through sun exposure

vitamin __ helps with vision, immune function, skin health, skeletal development

vitamin __ is a potent antioxidant

vitamin __ helps with normal blood clotting

water soluble vitamins

true/false: cats/dogs have a vitamin C requirement

minerals are also referred to as ___

Needed in larger quantities (%)
Calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sulfur, sodium, potassium, chloride

Needed in smaller quantities (ppm or mg/kg)
Copper, iron, manganese, zinc, iodine, selenium, cobalt

Required by dogs and cats
Found in animal tissue (meat)
Function in fat and amino acid metabolism
Required for cell integrity
Usually added as _______ chloride in pet food

Product name and brand name
Species statement
Quantity statement
Guaranteed analysis (Crude protein, crude fat, moisture, fiber)
Ingredient statement
Nutritional adequacy statement
Feeding directions
Calorie statement
Name and address of guarantor