Unit 2: Horses

Body and Use Type: Known for its muscular, compact body, ideal for sprinting short distances, particularly a quarter mile. Extensively bred for ranch work in Western USA.
Color(s): Various colors, including sorrel, bay, black, brown, buckskin, palomino, and gray.
Place and Reason of Origin: Original to the US, developed from East Coast Chickasaw (short, stocky) and English Thoroughbreds to improve speed at short (¼ mile) distance races. Association formed in 1940. Largest numbers in the US.

Body and Use Type: Known for endurance, spirit, and elegance. Used in endurance riding, show jumping, and as a general riding horse.
Color(s): Bay, gray, chestnut, black, and roan.
Place and Reason of Origin: Oldest breed, original to Arabian desert lands. Ancestral to many breeds. Extensively bred for ranch work in Western USA. Association formed in 1908.

Body and Use Type: Large draft breed known for strength and gentle temperament. Used primarily for heavy draft work.
Color(s): Bay, chestnut, sorrel, or roan with a blonde mane and tail.
Place and Reason of Origin: Original to Belgium from medieval Flemish breeding. Brought to the US for farm work, with the last imports by an Iowan in 1940. Association formed in 1940. Largest numbers of draft registrations in the US.

Body and Use Type: Muscular build, resembling a small horse. Used for Western riding, driving, and various equestrian disciplines.
Color(s): Known for its Appaloosa coloring, including patterns like leopard spots, blankets, and snowflakes.
Place and Reason of Origin: Original to Iowa in 1954 from a Shetland X Appaloosa cross, now with other breed influences. Bred for larger pony riders not yet ready for a full-size horse. 2nd largest numbers in the US for ponies.

Body and Use Type: Versatile breed known for its muscular build and agility. Used in various disciplines, including Western pleasure, reining, and trail riding.
Color(s): Distinctive coat patterns, including tobiano, overo, and tovero.
Place and Reason of Origin: Original to the US but from Spanish explorers with “two-toned” horses. Bred for ranch work in Western USA. 2nd largest numbers in the USA today.

Body and Use Type: Large draft horse known for strength and gentle temperament. Used for heavy draft work, parades, and as a carriage horse.
Color(s): Bay, brown, or roan with white markings on the face and legs.
Place and Reason of Origin: Original to Great Britain, specifically Scotland. Bred for a faster gait pulling wagons. Brought to the US in the early 1800s. Not as popular for farm work because of feathers and size. Association formed in 1879.

Body and Use Type: Small, sturdy breed known for strength and hardiness. Used for riding by children, driving, and as a companion animal.
Color(s): Almost every color, including black, bay, chestnut, gray, and pinto.
Place and Reason of Origin: Original to the Shetland Islands in England, bred for coal mine draft work. Modern lines are less shaggy, more refined, and often used in English style equitation events, most notably harness/carriage events and halter shows.

Body and Use Type: Known for its distinctive spotted coat and versatility. Used in various disciplines, including Western riding, trail riding, and endurance.
Color(s): Various coat patterns, including leopard, blanket, and snowflake.
Place and Reason of Origin: Original to the US from Spanish horses developed by the Nez Perce Indians of NW USA in the 1700s. Same colors noted in European cave paintings of 15,000 BC. Endurance and color are key traits. Association formed in 1938.

Body and Use Type: Large draft horse known for strength and willingness to work. Used for heavy draft work, carriage driving, and riding.
Color(s): Typically gray or black.
Place and Reason of Origin:: Ancient origins from France with some Arab horse ancestry. Brought to the US in 1839, later than other drafts. However, 3X as many as others combined by WWII. Bred for farm and city labor. ISU famous for breeding program in the early 1900s.

Body and Use Type:: Known for speed and agility. Used primarily for racing, but also excels in other equestrian sports like show jumping and dressage.
Color(s):: Bay, chestnut, black, and gray.
Place and Reason of Origin:: Brought to the US in the 1700s from old English influence breeding of Arabians. Popular in eastern states for longer distance and endurance racing. Some lines and crosses popular in stadium jumping and field events. Association formed in 1894, later taken over by the US Jockey Club.

Body and Use Type:: Versatile breed known for hardiness and good temperament. Used for riding by children and adults, driving, and various equestrian disciplines.
Color(s):: Various colors, including bay, chestnut, gray, and black.
Place and Reason of Origin:: Original to the harsh mountains of Wales. Bred and used in multiple ways over the years (mines, chariots, racing). Today, used for society and children’s pleasure. Brought to the US in 1889 and associated in 1907.

Body and Use Type: Known for harness racing, either at a trot or pace. Well-muscled build, also used for riding and driving.
Color(s): Bay, black, brown, and chestnut.
Place and Reason of Origin:: Original to the US in the early 1800s. Bred from Thoroughbred ancestry in the early 1800s to beat Morgan horses in harness races. Noted origins to “Hamletonian 10” foaled in 1849: ~ 90% of modern breed trace to him. Bred to race 1 mile standard time – hence the name.

Body and Use Type: Known for athleticism and elegance. Used in disciplines like dressage, show jumping, and eventing.
Color(s): Bay, gray, chestnut, and black.
Place and Reason of Origin: Developed in Prussia in the 18th century from Thoroughbred and Arabian lines, but most lines today are from German origins. Brought to the US in the 1950s. Large (16 to 17 hands), athletic, and graceful, they are most valued in Olympic competitive events such as dressage and jumping.

A. eludes to body capacity of the horse

B. important in balance and control

C. front of the horse's face near the nostrils

D. distance between the point of the hip and the pin bones

E. located between the rib and point of the hip

F. top of the shoulder

G. important for soundness and performance in athletic horses

H. carries most of the weight of the rider

I. formed by union of pectoral muscles

J. area connecting humerus to pelvis

K. a muscle expression

L. consistent term across all species we've worked with

reddish tan to brown with black mane, tail, lower legs

true black with no light areas around muzzle or flank

almost black, but brown or tan hair is found on muzzle or flank

copper bright reddish with main and tail the same color as the body, or flaxen ("blonde")

dark red or reddish brown with mane and tail the same color as body, or flaxen

mixture of white and black hair, often born non-gray and color lightens with age

Golden yellow with flaxen mane and tail. Note that this is also a breed registry name as well, eluding to the color requirement of the breed

Mixture of white and either red (red roan), chestnut (strawberry roan) or black (blue roan) hair

Can be a number of colors, but diluted in color and with a dorsal stripe (down center of back) (spirit but whiter)

True colored should be the color of tanned deer hide with black points. Shades may vary from yellow to dark gold. Points (mane, tail, legs) can be dark brown or black (looks like spirit)

Not really a color but a color pattern. Variable pattern often consisting of white over loin and hips with dark spots. Note that this is also a breed registry name as well, eluding to the color requirement of the breed

Note also this a breed registry name as well, eluding to the color requirement of the breed. Paints are any background color of a horse, with large white spotting patterns on the body of the horse (There are several subtypes of paint horse colors. The two most common are called Overo and Tobiano)

True white, without pigment, though not albino. Does not turn grey with age. Is associated with a lethal gene, so not true breeding because homozygosity for the white gene is lethal in utero

type of horse used for nearly every form of riding, also called "hot blooded"

type of horse bred to carry and pull heavy loads, also known as "cool blooded" (calm temperament)

type of horse that is a cross between draft and light horse, intermediate temperament

type of horse, also a light horse but bred and used for riding in order to provide smooth and comfortable ride

type of horse, less than 14.2 hands, bred for many different uses

describes natural tendency seen in horses to be caregivers

horse characteristic that causes them to spook easily, have long memories, and high intelligence/trainability

male donkey

female donkey

jack x mare

stallion x jenny

describes this style of working with horses

term that describes this style of working with horses

horse gestation length

horse estrous cycle length

mare brought into proximity of a stallion to create arousal and detect estrous

an elegant trained movement of a horse to perform in complex dance-like patterns in a small area

the filing of the continual growth of the "wolf" teeth of a horse to prevent mouth disease.

adjective to describe a horse that performs a trained 4 beated gait that is not entirely innate to the horse.

equipment used to work with the control of the horse

person who shoes a horse

to work a horse on the end of a long lead rope, usually in an "round pen" to exercise and train the horse

to use the most extended inside hoof as the horse runs in a circle

collective name for digestive illnesses in horses due to sensitive digestive system

intact male horse

young female horse

mature female horse

horse offspring

castrated male horse