PSY 2410 Chapter 7

All infants progress from reactive pain and pleasure to complex pattern of socioemotional awareness, from basic instincts to learned responses

Distress; contentment

Crying inconsolably for several hours on several late afternoons each week

Social smile

A smile evoked by a human face, normally first evident in infants about six weeks after birth. Age since conception matters more than age since birth

Laughter; curosity; colic subsides; happiness increases

Full, responsive smiles

Anger

Fear of social events (strangers, separation from caregiver)

Fear of unexpected sights and sounds

Self awareness; pride; shame; embarrassment

Infants smile more broadly and quickly at people than at toys, especially to their mothers and vocalize more with their fathers (on avg). Anger is also notable, usually triggered by frustration.

Usually triggered by frustration, first expressed around 6 months, a healthy response, and correlates to later persistence in problem solving

Appears in the first months, indicates social withdrawal, correlates with maternal depression, and can be a troubling sign of emotional problems if often more ___ than angry

Awareness of discrepancy, inborn temperament, and social experience

Separation anxiety and stranger wariness

An infant's distress when a familiar caregiver leaves; most obvious between 9 and 14 months. Involves clinging and crying, may be pathological in adolesence

An infant's expression of concern - a quiet stare when clinging to a familiar person, or a look of fear - when a stranger appears. Especially when the people move too close, too quickly

Separation anxiety and stranger fear remain intense after age 3 and impairs ability to leave home, go to school, and play with other children

Take on a new strength during this age as memory and mobility advance. Reactions become more focused and targeted and laughing/crying is louder and more discriminating

When something angers toddlers they might yell, scream, cry, hit, etc. Logic is beyond them, and parental insistence on obedience exacerbates the tantrum. After comes sadness, then comfort is helpful

The body (hunger and tiredness) and the social context. Giving in to it can encourage more of these

Emerges from family interactions.

A person's realization that they are a distinct individual whose body, mind, and actions are separate from those of other people. Begins at 18?-24 months

Inborn differences between one person and another in emotions, activity, and self-regulation. It is measuredby the person's typical responses to the environment

Effortful control, negative mood, and exuberance

Personality traits (honesty, humility) are heavily influenced by parents and culture, whereas temperamental traits (shyness and aggression) arise from genes

A coordinated, rapid, and smooth exchange of responses between a caregiver and an infant. Aids cognition

Infant response to caregiver attention

An experimental practice in which an adult keeps their face unmoving and expressionless in face-to-face interaction with an infant

Synchrony is experience-expectant (needed for typical brain growth)

According to Ainsworth, "an affectional tie" that an infant forms with a caregiver - a tie that binds them together in space and endures over time.

An observable behavior that indicates the emotion so that other scientists know what is measured, assess conclusions, and can replicate the study

A laboratory procedure for measuring attachment by evoking infants' reactions to the stress of various adults' comings and goings in an unfamiliar playroom

Exploration of the toys, reaction to mother's departure, and reaction to mother's return

There are many, contact-maintaining and proximity-seeking are two examples

A relationship in which an infant obtains both comfort and confidence from the presence of their caregiver. Caregiver is a base for exploration

A pattern of attachment in which an infant avoids connection with the caregiver, as when the infant seems not to care about the caregiver's presence, departure, or return

A pattern of attachment in which an infant's anxiety and uncertainty are evident, as when the infant becomes very upset at separation from the caregiver, and both resists and seeks contact on reunion

A type of attachment that is marked by an infant's inconsistent reactions to the caregiver's departure and return. Worrisome to developmentalists

Attachments in the first year of life...

Restricted in many nations due to children being snactched and sent abroad

Seeking information about how to react to an unfamiliar or ambiguous object or event by observing someone else's expressions and reactions.

This becomes urgent and more accurate

First year of life is the oral stage, the second year is the anal stage

First crisis is trust vs. mistrust, second is autonomy vs. shame and doubt

Erikson's first crisis of psychosocial development. Infants learn basic trust if the world is a secure place where their basic needs are met

Erikson's second crisis of psychosocial development. toddlers either succeed or fail in gaining a sense of self-rule over their actions and bodies

Are learned, according to social learning theory

Caregiving practices that involve being physically close to the baby, with frequent holding and touching

Caregiving practices that involve remaining distant from the baby, providing toys, food, and face-to-face communication with minimal holding and touching

In cognitive theory, a set of assumptions that the individual uses to organize perceptions and experiences. Becomes a frame of reference for later life but can change

The impulse of infants and caregivers to develop strong attachments can be seen as an evolutionary mandate

Literally, "other-care"; the care of children by people other than the biological parents. Benefits babies. Infants thrive with 2 or 3 attachment figures, not 10 or 12

Is common for infants with regular father-care, day care, and with other caregivers, as with exclusive mother care. Responsiveness of the mother is the most crucial factor

Multiple studies have different findings. Some say day care children have more externalizing problems, some say they have better emotional adjustment, and some find no increase in behavior problems.

For cultural, ideological, and economic reasons, nations differ. Paid maternity/paternity leave differs, as do beliefs in subsidized infant care

Mutual attachment to one or several familiar caregivers is beneficial, quality of care matters, infants need engaged and responsive caregivers, and frequent changes and instability in care must be avoided