PSY 2410 Chapter 8

They slim down, lower body lengthens, and fat is replaced by muscle. They lose the protruding belly, round face, short limbs, and large head, and center of gravity shifts from breast to belly

Well-nourished children grow about 3 inches and gain almost 4.5 pounds

At least 3 feet tall, weighs between 40-50 pounds, has adultlike proportions, and balances both sides of the body (running, hopping, etc)

Wasting and stunting are still possible, but the main problem is becoming overweight

Unhealthy snacks crowd out vitamins, food-insecure households, parents encourage eating, overeating, parents adding stress by criticizing eating

Establish good nutrition (habit of eating healthy foods when hungry and not overeating), a balanced diet, prevention is easier than change

Most young children consume more than enough calories and sugar, but not enough vitamins and minerals

Cavities and decaying teeth are a notable harm; toothbrushing and dentist visits should be habitual to prevent issues; also affected by diet and illness

~27% of US children have an allergy (4-8% worldwide), can be outgrown or deadly, small amounts of the substance can decrease allergies to it, and can complicate achieving a balanced diet.

90% of adult weight

The process by which axons become coated with myelin (white matter), a fatty substance that speeds transmission of nerve impulses from neuron to neuron

Helps far away connections, organizes structure of network connectivity, regulates the timing of information flow, enables the use of many parts of the brain at once

Literally, sidedness, referring to the specialization in certain functions by each side of the brain, with one side dominant for each activity. The left side of the brain controls the right side of the body, and vice versa

A long, thick band of nerve fibers that connects the left and right hemispheres of the brain and allows communication between them

Is more rapid than growth of the rest of the brain

Most important tasks require extensive interaction between hemispheres, lobes, and regions of the brain

plastic; causes better thinking, less clumsiness, and reading, writing, and addition skills

Serious disorders occur, a common symptom of autism, and growth is epigenetic

Tend to have thicker, better myelinated corpus callosa than right-handed people due to having to switch between the sides of their bodies

Sleep becomes more regular, emotions become more nuanced and responsive, tempertantrums subside, and uncontrollable laughter and tears are less common

activate (on) or inhibit (off), signaled by biochemical messages from axons and dendrites, balance is necessary for thoughtful adults

The ability to postpone or deny the immediate response to an idea or behavior, a lack of it signifies a personality disorder in adults, but not in early childhood

To stay stuck, or persevere, in one thought or action for a long time. The ability to be flexible, switching from one task to another, is beyond most young children

Depends partly on the age of the person and on the degree of stress

Mild stress can benefit cogntion but intense stress can cause negative mental stress (dim consciousness, narrowed scope of consciousness, impaired attention, etc.) When stressed, they need routines

Reassurance, warm and attentive listening

Brain maturation and myelination directly contribute

Improve markedly, can perform coordinated dance steps, tumbling tricks, or sports moves, ride a tricycle, climb a ladder (requires balanced coordination and both hemispheres)

Is crutial for every aspect of child development, especially outside play, which develops running, climbing, leaping, and jumping

Also improves, practice of these can advance cognition, and there are evident gender differences (girls are more likely to be given tasks that advance these)

affects development lifelong

Practices that are aimed at anticipating, controlling, and preventing dangerous activities; these practices reflect the beliefs that accidents are not random and that injuries can be made less harmful if proper controls are in place

Primary prevention, secondary prevention, and tertiary prevention

Actions that change overall background conditions to prevent some unwanted event or circumstance, such as injury, disease, or abuse

Actions that avert harm in a high-risk situation, such as stopping a car before it hits a pedestrian

Actions, such as immediate and effective medical treatment, that are taken after an adverse event and are aimed at reducing harm or preventing disability

Passengers in cars

Primary: sidewalks, overpasses, streetlights, traffic circles, safer cars; Secondary: crossing guards and flashing lights on stopped school busses, salt on icy roads, speed bumps, and car seat laws; Tertiary: fewer hit and run drivers, speedier ambulances, better emergency procedures

Accidental gun death (1-4 years) is higher in the US than anywhere else, caused by increases in gun availability, owners dont store, unload, and lock up guns,

considering the nature of the child

Law and policy also need to be considered; air pollution has been reduced in NA, many pesticides are banned from home use, and foods are regulated

Caregivers are important, but cultures and corporations may be crucial for primary prevention and injury control

Have been decreased markedly with immunization, new treatments, and better nutrition, and accidental deaths are decreasing as well, but deliberate child harm has not been reducing

Findings of prior bone breaks, forceful burn patterns, scars from past pain, explanations that were implausible

Not rare nor sudden, over 90% of perpetrators are the child's parents

Intentional harm or avoidable endangerment of anyone under 18 years of age. Includes child abuse and child neglet

Deliberate action that is harmful to a child's physical, emotional, or sexual well-being

Failure to meet a child's basic physical, educational, or emotional needs. Most common and frequently fatal form of child maltreatment

Harm or endangerment that has been reported, investigated, and verified. Annual rate of 2-5 year olds is more than 1 in every 100

Harm or endangerment about which someone has notified the authorities. More are this than are substantiated

Substantiation requires proof, about 1/3 of reports are screened out as not about a child or for another jurisdiction, 2/3 of all reports come from professional mandated reporters, each child is only counted once (6 reports=1 substantiated case), or a report may be false/misleading

Social isolation and economic, both of which increased during the COVID pandemic

Slow growth, immature talk, lack of curiosity, odd social interaction, injuries unlikely to be accidents, repeated injuries, violent or sexual fantasy play, unusual or little appetite, ongoing physical complaints, and more

Regard people as hostile, making them less friendly, more aggressive, and more isolated. The earlier it starts and the longer it continues, the worse social relationships are lifelong

The ultimate goal; neighborhood stability, caregiver education, income support, and fewer unwanted children all reduce maltreatment via this type of prevention.

Insecure attachment should be repaired before it becomes harmful

Reporting is the first step, and repairing is the second. The final step is getting better care for the child

An effort by child-welfare authorities to find a long-term living situation that will provide stability and support for a maltreated child. A goal is to avoid repeated changes of caregiver or school, which can be particularly harmful to the child

A legal, publicly supported system in which a maltreated child is removed from the parent's custody and entrusted to another adult ot family, who is reimbursed for expenses incurred in meeting the childs needs

A form of foster care in which a relative of a maltreated child, usually a grandparent, becomes the approved caregiver

Sometimes the ideal permanency plan. Not the most common due to judges/ bio parents being reluctant to release children, more adoptive parents prefer newborns, some agencies screen out unmarried families, and some agencies require that adoptive parents have the same ethnic or religious background as the child