1.1 Overview of Physiology + Major Systems of the Body

studying the human body; to look at atoms, which are the smallest building blocks of matter.

combine to form molecules which then comvine to form macromolecules

proteins + nucleic acids; combine to form organelles

working structures inside of each human cell; examples are the nucleus and mitochondria of the cell

the smallest units of living and organisms compromise this of structural organization

many different types of cells in the body that perform various functions and form this

group of cells that perform a common function, each of which is made up of specific cell types that perform specific functions.

- covers the body surface and lines the cavitites of the body.; specialized for tasks such as secretion and absorption.
- contains closely packed cells with very little matrix
- can be found as one layer or in many layers
- cells are under constant cell division to replace dead cells that shed away

layer outside the cells

enables us to move; cells that make up this tissue are specialized for muscle contraction

offers support and protection of body organs; includes bones, tendons, blood, and ligaments. specialized to bind tissues together and play a supportive role.

responsible for the communication between cells of the body by forming a system of electrical impulses that communicate very rapidly; "wire-like"

together the tissues make up this

examples of this include: the cardiovascular system, integumentary system, skeletal system, muscular system, nervous system, endocrine system, lymphatic system, respiratory system, digestive system, urinary system, and reproductive system.

a living thing

- largest organ of the body that forms a physical barrier between the external environment and the internal environment that it serves to protect and maintain; includes the epidermis, dermis, hypodermis, associated glands, hair, and nails.
- produces vitamin D and contains pain receptors used in our protection.
- protects the intertnal organs from extreme temperature changes
-sweat and oil glands can also be found here

outer layer

middle layer

inner, subcutaneous tissue layer; made up mostly of fat that helps anchor the dermis to a layer of fat cells.

fat cells; help insulate and regulate body temperature

if integumentary system is damaged and microbes or chemicals make their way into the body, this system is responsible for mounting the attack to defend our internal environment.

Serves as the framework for the muscular system and supports the body organs. This system also provides protection for internal organs and houses blood cells as well as stores minerals. The system provides the framework for which the muscles attach.

Allows for movement of the body. Muscles attach to bones to bring movement to the skeletal system. Groups of muscles contract and relax in complex coordination to allow us to perform all our daily activities.

provides internal communication among the cells of the body. uses electrical impulses to communicate within the body and enable the body to respond to the internal and external environments.

breaks down food into small molecules; those molecules enter the bloodstream through the small intestine and supply the body with nutrients.

made up of glands that makes hormones which regulate the reproductive system and the metabolism of the body

all the chemical reactions that take place in the body that enable us to function

the breakdown of substances into their simpler building blocks

synthesizing of more complex structures from simpler ones along with oxygen to make AT

uses more compex structures along with oxygen to make ATP

very energy-rich molecule that powers cellular activities, allowing cells to have the energy neded to carry out their functions.

made up of blood vessels that move blood, oxygen, and nutrients throughout the body

responsible for immunity and fighting off disease, also part of the circulatory system.
Has a complex network of vessels and nodes that allow for the excess fluid to drain back to the heart

involved in excretion of the waste CO2, which is a byproduct of metabolism; also keeps the blood supplied with oxygen

involved in excretion of waste from the body; intricately regulates the water and electrolyte balance in the blood.

functional unit of the kidney; process blood plasma to form urine for excretion

responsible for creating new life

when the original cell divides, producing two identical daughter cells that are often used for body growth or repar.

female egg

controlled by hormones from the endocrine system

when sperm and oocyte come together to form a new cell

sex cells, organisms reproductive cells